1. Is this replication process what is going on during the S Phase of mitosis? 2. What is going on in caesium chloride density gradient centrifugation? 3. Does some extra step have to be taken if the codon sequence is the same for two separate amino acid sequences?
1. How are the amino acids attatched to the ends of the anticodons? 2. What is the explanation for the evolutionary path of Ribosomes? 3. What structural differences are there between rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA?
To answer your third question, I found this website that has a table for all of the differences between rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA. https://byjus.com/neet/difference-between-mrna-trna-and-rrna/
In regards of your first question, the anticodon ends will entail one end having the anticodon and the other having the tRNA that binds to the specific amino acid, having an attachment site. At the other end, the anticodon will bind to make an L shape. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/trna-and-ribosomes#:~:text=One%20end%20of%20the%20tRNA,bind%20to%20an%20mRNA%20codon.&text=One%20end%20of%20the%20L,site%20for%20the%20amino%20acid.
To help answer your 2nd question, Ribosomes derive from a common ancestor referred to as LUCA (last universal common ancestor). It can be inferred that the properties of modern day ribosomes suggests that the initial peptides made by primitive ribosomes were enriched from L-amino acid but could have included D-amino acid. As far as transcription and translation are concerned, there are comparative genomics that have the presence of an RNA metabolism and persistent proteome in LUCA. A large number of genes found in LUCA are linked to with properties of translation. This is only a quick summary, if you'd like more in depth information use this: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2926754/
How likely is it for an anomaly to occur during the process of DNA replication? What are the most common mistakes made during DNA replication? Where do the names sense and antisense strand come from?
To answer your first question, it is highly unlikely that an anomaly occurs. According to Nature.com, there is between a 1:1,000,000 to a 1:1,000,000,000 chance of an anomaly occurring. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-replication-and-causes-of-mutation-409/#:~:text=Scientists%20have%20reported%20mutation%20rates,et%20al.%2C%202000).
To answer your third question, The strand named the sense strand is named after the fact that the sense strand is the strand necessary to be read in order to produce the correct protein while the anti-sense strand is meant to only be a complementary base as to allow for the sense strand to be made into RNA.
In response to your second question, the most common mistakes made during DNA replication is most likely mispairing base pairs. This can be caused by a base that has an extra proton causing the wrong bases to pair together (eg. an A bonds to a G intead of a T). This mispairing is know as a wobble and is able to occur due to DNA's flexibility.
1. How does helicase unwind DNA? 2. Where are nucleotides made and how does DNA polymerase find/bond to them for DNA replication? 3. How is RNA released after transcription but DNA stays bonded?
DNA Helicase is an enzyme that unwinds the double helix. It does so by breaking the hydrogen bonds down the center of the strand. The helicase begins at the origin of replication and it creates a replication fork by separating the two strands. Hope this helped :)
For your third question, basically the transcription of RNA needs to go through termination, which has two different action plans Rho-independent and Rho-dependent. Both end with the RNA stopping the transcription. But basically, the RNA will separate from the polymerase as it is stalled. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/a/stages-of-transcription#:~:text=Rho%20binds%20to%20the%20Rho,to%20be%20released%2C%20ending%20transcription.
To answer your 2nd question, nucleotides are deprived from deoxynucleoside triphosphates. In DNA replication, DNA polymerase catalyzes the polynucleotide chain but that process can only be done the presence of a DNA template. Te nucleoside triphosphates then bind to their respective base pairings.
For additional information to answer your first question here is a website that goes into detail about how helicase works and it’s direction function in reference to DNA. https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/168
1) Is it possible for DNA polymerase to mess up the process of adding nucleotides? If so, will the organism cease to exist or will it be genetically mutated severely? 2) Is there any easy way to remember the steps of both transcription and translation? 3) What does tRNA stand for?
To answer your first question, DNA Polymerase will occasionally make a mistake of adding the wrong nucleotide, but it will not cease to exist as there are special enzymes that repair mistakes in the genetic code. From there these cells will live on or if they are horrifically wrong the cell will commit apoptosis.
1. Is there any way that Helicase can malfunction and mess up DNA replication? 2. What are the differences between the three types of RNA? 3. How long does it take for a whole strand of DNA to be transcripted and translated?
In response to your third question, the average time required for an entire strand of DNA to replicate depends on the length of the DNA strand. For human chromosomes, which have 150 million base pairs, it should take about a month to copy 1 chromosome as it takes 1 second to replicate 50 pairs. However, it only takes about 1 hour because the replication begins in multiple different locations on the chromosome which are joined together at the end of replication.
For your second question, the three types are mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. messenger RNA carrie genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes for synthesis, transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes and is equipped with an anticodon, and ribosomal RNA is part of the structure of the ribosome (https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/ribosomes-transcription-and-translation-14120660/#:~:text=Messenger%20RNA%20(mRNA)%20molecules%20carry,to%20the%20ribosomes%20during%20protein)
To answer your first question, yes, helicase can mess up. When this happens it can cause cancer and genetic diseases.
For more information: https://www.livescience.com/17863-unwinding-helicases-dna-nigms-nih.html#:~:text=When%20something%20goes%20wrong%20with,a%20defect%20in%20DNA%20repair).
To answer your first question, a basic mammalian cell will transcribe in about 10 minutes. Not sure if it is 100% correct but it was the only source I could find stating anything about the time for transcribing. https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(16)30208-2.pdf
1. What happens if their was a mistake in the DNA replication process? 2. How is denaturation shown in the polymerase chain reaction? 3. I am a bit confused on why are the nucleotides in DNA replication triphosphates and not mono-phosphates?
To help answer your 1st question, here is a website that has details on what DNA mutations are, how they happen, and what they could cause: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/dna-mutations/#:~:text=A%20mutation%20is%20a%20change,and%20not%20corrected%20in%20time.
To answer your 3rd question, in order for a 20 amino acids to be accounted for through 4 nucleotide, 3 bases equal bases are required. If you have more questions, here is the link I used: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22358/
Question 2: I would say that yes- there is a protein to recognize when there is a mutation. Although, I couldn't find anything specific through google search so it is mostly my best guess. I think that since a cell is able to recognize when there's a mutation (Or issues like cancer) and it the goes through the process of apoptosis, that there is a similar kind of process with the DNA specifically.
To answer your first question, the job of helicase is to unwind the double helix and separate the two strands simultaneously. It does this by using ATP energy to break the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. Helicase is made of 6 polypeptide subunits. One DNA molecule passes through the enzyme, while the other molecule passes outside of it. Single strand binding proteins gather near the replication fork to prevent the strands from reforming a double helix so that they can each serve as template strands. I found this information using some of the information on Monday's date on Managebac!
To answer your second question, semi-conservative means that each DNA molecule contains one original/template strand and one new strand formed by complementary base pairing. This is important because it means that you only need one strand to create an exact copy of the original DNA molecule. Complementary base pairing that occurs as a result of semi-conservative replication ensures that the two DNA molecules are identical, because Adenine will always pair with thymine and vice versa, and guanine will always pair with cytosine and vice versa. The hydrogen bonds are established and go together perfectly to create two strands and a double helix again :)
In response to question 3, while it is impossible to test, another method of information transportation would likely arise in a life form without mRNA, as it is a pivotal function within life as we know it.
1) Could somebody clarify the leading and lagging strands for me? 2) Can someone explain 3' and 5' in a simple way, and which direction enzymes can move during the replication process? 3) How does mRNA code for amino acids/polypeptides/proteins if only one strand of DNA is copied and translated?
In response to question 1, the leading strand is the DNA strand that is processed by DNA Polymerase faster than the other, which is the lagging strand. This is due to the two strands being opposite in order, and DNA Polymerase being only able to move in one direction corresponding to the DNA directions.
To answer your second question, I am not sure how to easily explain 3' and 5', but I found a video that sorta does. I hope it helps! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV53GZGr11g To answer the second part of your question, this is briefly explained in the video, but DNA polymerase moves from 5' to 3'. Hope this helps you understand!
1. How does the lagging strand curl away from the leading strand? 2. How are ribosomes created? 3. If DNA Polymerase is so precise, how do genetic mutations occur?
To answer your 3rd question, genetic mutation occur for 2 reasons, either a mistake is made when DNA is replicated or due to external factors such as UV light and cigarettes
Here is a website with more information: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/dna-mutations/#:~:text=A%20mutation%20is%20a%20change,and%20not%20corrected%20in%20time.
To answer your 2nd question, ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus. Ribosomal proteins enter the nucleolus and combine with 4 mRNA strands to form 2 ribosomal subunits that will make up the completed ribosome
Here is a website with more information: https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/ribosomes/ribosomes.html#:~:text=Eukaryote%20ribosomes%20are%20produced%20and,ribosome%20(see%20Figure%201).
To answer your first question, transcription within human cells can take about 10 minutes per gene, while bacteria can be faster at 1 minute per gene. Similar time references can be found here: https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(16)30208-2.pdf
1. How often does DNA replication happen? 2. What would happen if DNA replication did not happen? 3. Are there any genetic conditions that would prevent DNA replication?
To answer your first question, DNA replication only occurs once a cell cycle and during S-phase. Source: https://sciencing.com/much-time-dna-molecule-replicate-21660.html
To answer your second question, if DNA replication does not happen then when the cell reaches the checkpoint, it will commit apoptosis. If this were to happen in every cell then no more cells would be created and the current cells in your body would wear out and your life-span would be significantly shortened. Sources: https://sciencing.com/happens-cell-not-copy-dna-chromosomes-before-divides-3340.html http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=3883#:~:text=Without%20it%2C%20you%20could%20make,Answer%203%3A&text=Cell%20theory%20tells%20us%20that,cells%20come%20from%20other%20cells.
To answer your third questions, there are some genetic conditions that can effect the DNA replication process. On https://www.cell.com/trends/genetics/fulltext/S0168-9525(20)30244-4, it talks about a genetic condition in which mutations to what is called the "replisome" (a multiproten complex that is regulated by the cell cycle and aids in DNA replication) can have major consequences, including problems with growth and development. Other conditions linked to problems in DNA replication include some forms of dwarfism and Seckel Syndrome. The article shows connections between DNA replication and the cell cycle, and how problems in both can cause certain physical conditions. It's long but it's definitely worth taking a look at for a more detailed description! You'd be surprised how much we can understand from what we've learned!
To answer your first question DNA replication is constantly happening throughout your entire body, the rate of replication in humans is around 50 nucleotides per second.
2- If DNA stopped replicating the organism would be in trouble. Over time the cells would continue to die until none were left. No growth, healing, or replacing could occur and the organism would die.
1. Are cyclins what informs helicase to begin unwinding DNA? 2. How does a hydrogen bond form between nucleotides when DNA polymerase is pairing them? 3. What about DNA polymerase only allows it to work from 5' to 3'?
For your second question, the bases will bond either at three point or two points, depending on the pairing. DNA Polymerase puts the molecules in ideal position for bonding, where hydrogen is attracter to N or O.
For your first question, I am not positive if it is cycling or not but helicase unwinds the DNA with ATP hydrolysis. For more information about the process here is a link https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/helicase-307/
It is only able to add the nucleotides to the 3 prime end and not 5 prime. I struggled to find if there is any specific answer known right now. But when it goes 5-3 it works smoothly and allows it to be proofread. It utilizes the energy from the 5 prime end of the nucleotide it is placing. That's about all I know, I don't believe there is a specific part of DNA polymerase 3 that doesnt allow it to work the other direction https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_cant_DNA_polymerase_attach_things_to_the_5_end_of_a_strand_of_DNA
1 - How does helicase uncoil DNA so fast? 2 - What is an easy way to differentiate between the leading and lagging strands? 3 - Is the RNA checked in any way to ensure no mistakes were made?
1- I found this article and it talks about a lab testing these 2 theories of what provides helicase speed (if I am understanding correctly. The 2 focuses are on force and sequence-dependency. Here's the link if you want to check it out: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867407007738
1-I don't understand the importance of rRNA. I think the r stands for ribosomal, is it the ribosome or another piece of everything? 2- Why is there 1 codon to start and 3 stop codons? 3-I have a hard time processing what DNA Polymerase 3 does and the value of why it does it like that. Any simple ways to break it down?
1. Is this replication process what is going on during the S Phase of mitosis?
ReplyDelete2. What is going on in caesium chloride density gradient centrifugation?
3. Does some extra step have to be taken if the codon sequence is the same for two separate amino acid sequences?
To answer your first question, the DNA replication bit with helicase and DNA polymerase is the process which is taking place during S-phase.
DeleteFor your second question, caesium chloride density gradient centrifugation enables scientists to separate substances based on size, shape and density.
Delete1. How are the amino acids attatched to the ends of the anticodons?
ReplyDelete2. What is the explanation for the evolutionary path of Ribosomes?
3. What structural differences are there between rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA?
To answer your third question, I found this website that has a table for all of the differences between rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA.
Deletehttps://byjus.com/neet/difference-between-mrna-trna-and-rrna/
In regards of your first question, the anticodon ends will entail one end having the anticodon and the other having the tRNA that binds to the specific amino acid, having an attachment site. At the other end, the anticodon will bind to make an L shape.
Deletehttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/trna-and-ribosomes#:~:text=One%20end%20of%20the%20tRNA,bind%20to%20an%20mRNA%20codon.&text=One%20end%20of%20the%20L,site%20for%20the%20amino%20acid.
To help answer your 2nd question, Ribosomes derive from a common ancestor referred to as LUCA (last universal common ancestor). It can be inferred that the properties of modern day ribosomes suggests that the initial peptides made by primitive ribosomes were enriched from L-amino acid but could have included D-amino acid. As far as transcription and translation are concerned, there are comparative genomics that have the presence of an RNA metabolism and persistent proteome in LUCA. A large number of genes found in LUCA are linked to with properties of translation. This is only a quick summary, if you'd like more in depth information use this: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2926754/
DeleteHow likely is it for an anomaly to occur during the process of DNA replication?
ReplyDeleteWhat are the most common mistakes made during DNA replication?
Where do the names sense and antisense strand come from?
To answer your first question, it is highly unlikely that an anomaly occurs. According to Nature.com, there is between a 1:1,000,000 to a 1:1,000,000,000 chance of an anomaly occurring.
Deletehttps://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-replication-and-causes-of-mutation-409/#:~:text=Scientists%20have%20reported%20mutation%20rates,et%20al.%2C%202000).
To answer your third question, The strand named the sense strand is named after the fact that the sense strand is the strand necessary to be read in order to produce the correct protein while the anti-sense strand is meant to only be a complementary base as to allow for the sense strand to be made into RNA.
DeleteIn response to your second question, the most common mistakes made during DNA replication is most likely mispairing base pairs. This can be caused by a base that has an extra proton causing the wrong bases to pair together (eg. an A bonds to a G intead of a T). This mispairing is know as a wobble and is able to occur due to DNA's flexibility.
Deletehttps://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-replication-and-causes-of-mutation-409/#:~:text=Today%2C%20scientists%20suspect%20that%20most,of%20a%20T)%20or%20between
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete1. How does helicase unwind DNA?
ReplyDelete2. Where are nucleotides made and how does DNA polymerase find/bond to them for DNA replication?
3. How is RNA released after transcription but DNA stays bonded?
For your first question, helicase unwinds the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between the matching nucleobases (Textbook: Helicase)
DeleteDNA Helicase is an enzyme that unwinds the double helix. It does so by breaking the hydrogen bonds down the center of the strand. The helicase begins at the origin of replication and it creates a replication fork by separating the two strands. Hope this helped :)
DeleteFor your third question, basically the transcription of RNA needs to go through termination, which has two different action plans Rho-independent and Rho-dependent. Both end with the RNA stopping the transcription. But basically, the RNA will separate from the polymerase as it is stalled.
Deletehttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/a/stages-of-transcription#:~:text=Rho%20binds%20to%20the%20Rho,to%20be%20released%2C%20ending%20transcription.
To answer your 2nd question, nucleotides are deprived from deoxynucleoside triphosphates. In DNA replication, DNA polymerase catalyzes the polynucleotide chain but that process can only be done the presence of a DNA template. Te nucleoside triphosphates then bind to their respective base pairings.
Deletehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22374/
For additional information to answer your first question here is a website that goes into detail about how helicase works and it’s direction function in reference to DNA. https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/168
Delete1) Is it possible for DNA polymerase to mess up the process of adding nucleotides? If so, will the organism cease to exist or will it be genetically mutated severely?
ReplyDelete2) Is there any easy way to remember the steps of both transcription and translation?
3) What does tRNA stand for?
In response to your third question, tRNA stands for transfer RNA.
Deletehttps://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Transfer-RNA#:~:text=Transfer%20RNA%20(tRNA)%20is%20a,attaching%20a%20specific%20amino%20acid.
To answer your first question, DNA Polymerase will occasionally make a mistake of adding the wrong nucleotide, but it will not cease to exist as there are special enzymes that repair mistakes in the genetic code. From there these cells will live on or if they are horrifically wrong the cell will commit apoptosis.
DeleteFor your third question, I found that tRNA as transfer DNA which transfers RNA to act as temporary carriers of amino acids!
Delete1. Is there any way that Helicase can malfunction and mess up DNA replication?
ReplyDelete2. What are the differences between the three types of RNA?
3. How long does it take for a whole strand of DNA to be transcripted and translated?
In response to your third question, the average time required for an entire strand of DNA to replicate depends on the length of the DNA strand. For human chromosomes, which have 150 million base pairs, it should take about a month to copy 1 chromosome as it takes 1 second to replicate 50 pairs. However, it only takes about 1 hour because the replication begins in multiple different locations on the chromosome which are joined together at the end of replication.
Deletehttps://sciencing.com/much-time-dna-molecule-replicate-21660.html
For your second question, the three types are mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. messenger RNA carrie genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes for synthesis, transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes and is equipped with an anticodon, and ribosomal RNA is part of the structure of the ribosome (https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/ribosomes-transcription-and-translation-14120660/#:~:text=Messenger%20RNA%20(mRNA)%20molecules%20carry,to%20the%20ribosomes%20during%20protein)
DeleteTo answer your first question, yes, helicase can mess up. When this happens it can cause cancer and genetic diseases.
DeleteFor more information: https://www.livescience.com/17863-unwinding-helicases-dna-nigms-nih.html#:~:text=When%20something%20goes%20wrong%20with,a%20defect%20in%20DNA%20repair).
To answer your first question, a basic mammalian cell will transcribe in about 10 minutes. Not sure if it is 100% correct but it was the only source I could find stating anything about the time for transcribing.
ReplyDeletehttps://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(16)30208-2.pdf
1. What happens if their was a mistake in the DNA replication process?
ReplyDelete2. How is denaturation shown in the polymerase chain reaction?
3. I am a bit confused on why are the nucleotides in DNA replication triphosphates and not mono-phosphates?
Question 1- This could result in either mutation in the cell or cell death. Either one is obviously not beneficial to the cell, and is not ideal.
DeleteQuestion 3: This is because the nucleotides need extra phosphates to carry energy.
DeleteTo help answer your 1st question, here is a website that has details on what DNA mutations are, how they happen, and what they could cause:
Deletehttps://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/dna-mutations/#:~:text=A%20mutation%20is%20a%20change,and%20not%20corrected%20in%20time.
To answer your 3rd question, in order for a 20 amino acids to be accounted for through 4 nucleotide, 3 bases equal bases are required. If you have more questions, here is the link I used: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22358/
ReplyDeleteQuestion 2: I would say that yes- there is a protein to recognize when there is a mutation. Although, I couldn't find anything specific through google search so it is mostly my best guess. I think that since a cell is able to recognize when there's a mutation (Or issues like cancer) and it the goes through the process of apoptosis, that there is a similar kind of process with the DNA specifically.
ReplyDelete1) How does Helicase function?
ReplyDelete2) What is the importance of DNA replication being semi-conservative?
3) What would happen if mRNA didn't exist?
To answer your first question, the job of helicase is to unwind the double helix and separate the two strands simultaneously. It does this by using ATP energy to break the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. Helicase is made of 6 polypeptide subunits. One DNA molecule passes through the enzyme, while the other molecule passes outside of it. Single strand binding proteins gather near the replication fork to prevent the strands from reforming a double helix so that they can each serve as template strands. I found this information using some of the information on Monday's date on Managebac!
DeleteTo answer your second question, semi-conservative means that each DNA molecule contains one original/template strand and one new strand formed by complementary base pairing. This is important because it means that you only need one strand to create an exact copy of the original DNA molecule. Complementary base pairing that occurs as a result of semi-conservative replication ensures that the two DNA molecules are identical, because Adenine will always pair with thymine and vice versa, and guanine will always pair with cytosine and vice versa. The hydrogen bonds are established and go together perfectly to create two strands and a double helix again :)
DeleteIn response to question 3, while it is impossible to test, another method of information transportation would likely arise in a life form without mRNA, as it is a pivotal function within life as we know it.
Delete1) Could somebody clarify the leading and lagging strands for me?
ReplyDelete2) Can someone explain 3' and 5' in a simple way, and which direction enzymes can move during the replication process?
3) How does mRNA code for amino acids/polypeptides/proteins if only one strand of DNA is copied and translated?
In response to question 1, the leading strand is the DNA strand that is processed by DNA Polymerase faster than the other, which is the lagging strand. This is due to the two strands being opposite in order, and DNA Polymerase being only able to move in one direction corresponding to the DNA directions.
DeleteTo answer your second question, I am not sure how to easily explain 3' and 5', but I found a video that sorta does. I hope it helps!
Deletehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV53GZGr11g
To answer the second part of your question, this is briefly explained in the video, but DNA polymerase moves from 5' to 3'.
Hope this helps you understand!
1. How does the lagging strand curl away from the leading strand?
ReplyDelete2. How are ribosomes created?
3. If DNA Polymerase is so precise, how do genetic mutations occur?
This comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteTo answer your 3rd question, genetic mutation occur for 2 reasons, either a mistake is made when DNA is replicated or due to external factors such as UV light and cigarettes
DeleteHere is a website with more information:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/dna-mutations/#:~:text=A%20mutation%20is%20a%20change,and%20not%20corrected%20in%20time.
To answer your 2nd question, ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus. Ribosomal proteins enter the nucleolus and combine with 4 mRNA strands to form 2 ribosomal subunits that will make up the completed ribosome
DeleteHere is a website with more information: https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/ribosomes/ribosomes.html#:~:text=Eukaryote%20ribosomes%20are%20produced%20and,ribosome%20(see%20Figure%201).
To answer your first question, transcription within human cells can take about 10 minutes per gene, while bacteria can be faster at 1 minute per gene.
ReplyDeleteSimilar time references can be found here: https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(16)30208-2.pdf
1. How often does DNA replication happen?
ReplyDelete2. What would happen if DNA replication did not happen?
3. Are there any genetic conditions that would prevent DNA replication?
To answer your first question, DNA replication only occurs once a cell cycle and during S-phase.
DeleteSource: https://sciencing.com/much-time-dna-molecule-replicate-21660.html
To answer your second question, if DNA replication does not happen then when the cell reaches the checkpoint, it will commit apoptosis. If this were to happen in every cell then no more cells would be created and the current cells in your body would wear out and your life-span would be significantly shortened.
DeleteSources:
https://sciencing.com/happens-cell-not-copy-dna-chromosomes-before-divides-3340.html
http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=3883#:~:text=Without%20it%2C%20you%20could%20make,Answer%203%3A&text=Cell%20theory%20tells%20us%20that,cells%20come%20from%20other%20cells.
To answer your third questions, there are some genetic conditions that can effect the DNA replication process.
DeleteOn https://www.cell.com/trends/genetics/fulltext/S0168-9525(20)30244-4, it talks about a genetic condition in which mutations to what is called the "replisome" (a multiproten complex that is regulated by the cell cycle and aids in DNA replication) can have major consequences, including problems with growth and development. Other conditions linked to problems in DNA replication include some forms of dwarfism and Seckel Syndrome. The article shows connections between DNA replication and the cell cycle, and how problems in both can cause certain physical conditions. It's long but it's definitely worth taking a look at for a more detailed description! You'd be surprised how much we can understand from what we've learned!
To answer your first question DNA replication is constantly happening throughout your entire body, the rate of replication in humans is around 50 nucleotides per second.
Delete2- If DNA stopped replicating the organism would be in trouble. Over time the cells would continue to die until none were left. No growth, healing, or replacing could occur and the organism would die.
Delete1. Are cyclins what informs helicase to begin unwinding DNA?
ReplyDelete2. How does a hydrogen bond form between nucleotides when DNA polymerase is pairing them?
3. What about DNA polymerase only allows it to work from 5' to 3'?
For your second question, the bases will bond either at three point or two points, depending on the pairing. DNA Polymerase puts the molecules in ideal position for bonding, where hydrogen is attracter to N or O.
DeleteFor your first question, I am not positive if it is cycling or not but helicase unwinds the DNA with ATP hydrolysis. For more information about the process here is a link https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/helicase-307/
DeleteIt is only able to add the nucleotides to the 3 prime end and not 5 prime. I struggled to find if there is any specific answer known right now. But when it goes 5-3 it works smoothly and allows it to be proofread. It utilizes the energy from the 5 prime end of the nucleotide it is placing. That's about all I know, I don't believe there is a specific part of DNA polymerase 3 that doesnt allow it to work the other direction
Deletehttps://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_cant_DNA_polymerase_attach_things_to_the_5_end_of_a_strand_of_DNA
1 - How does helicase uncoil DNA so fast?
ReplyDelete2 - What is an easy way to differentiate between the leading and lagging strands?
3 - Is the RNA checked in any way to ensure no mistakes were made?
1- I found this article and it talks about a lab testing these 2 theories of what provides helicase speed (if I am understanding correctly. The 2 focuses are on force and sequence-dependency.
DeleteHere's the link if you want to check it out: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867407007738
1-I don't understand the importance of rRNA. I think the r stands for ribosomal, is it the ribosome or another piece of everything?
ReplyDelete2- Why is there 1 codon to start and 3 stop codons?
3-I have a hard time processing what DNA Polymerase 3 does and the value of why it does it like that. Any simple ways to break it down?