Monday, December 14, 2020

DPBioY1 - 2020 - 2.9 & 8.3 Photosynthesis

DPBioY1 - 2020 - 2.9 & 8.3 Photosynthesis 

2 marks for your questions
3 marks for your reply
2 marks for submitting on time 

51 comments:

  1. 1. How similar is chemiosmosis in photosynthesis in photosynthesis and aerobic respiration?
    2. Can plants use the products of photosynthesis for respiration and vice versa?
    3. What is the difference between light-independent and light-dependent reactions?

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    1. To answer your second question, it can be used however it is mostly released as the plants photosynthesize during the day while at night they perform cellular rispiration.

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    2. To answer your third question, for a simple answer, light-independent reactions require light (sunlight) and light-dependent reactions do not. During light independent reactions the plant is absorbing the sunlight and during light dependent reactions the plant is using that sunlight to produce light energy.

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    3. In response to your third question, here is a website that explains it well and shows a picture explaining the process! https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/chapter/overview-of-photosynthesis/#:~:text=In%20the%20light%2Ddependent%20reactions,sugar%20molecules%20from%20carbon%20dioxide.

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    4. To answer your first question, chemiosmosis is used in both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration for ATP production. This is because both the mitochondria and the chloroplast have the electron transport chain, where ATP synthase is present. The location is one major difference between the two processes. I also found a really helpful table on a website that outlines 10 more differences. Here is the link (I thought that might be better to see visually than rewriting it on here): https://www.majordifferences.com/2019/11/10-differences-between-chemiosmosis-in-cellular-respiration-and-photosynthesis.html#.YIuRVCjYrmU

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    5. To help answer your 2nd question, here is a article detailing photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and how they are linked together:
      https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-life-science-2.0/section/2.17/primary/lesson/connecting-cellular-respiration-and-photosynthesis-ms-ls

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  2. 1. What are evolutionary advantages of absorbing primarily green light?
    2. Do plants use the products of photosynthesis in cellular respiration?
    3. Are there differences in the ETC in the mitochondria and the chloroplast, if so what differences are there?

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    1. 1. To answer your first question, the green coloring comes not from the absorption of green light, but the reflection of light. This occurs because of the abundance of blue and red light within the environment and it is an advantage to be able to consume the light that is almost always present.

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    2. To answer your second question, yes, products from photosynthesis are used in cellular respiration! The oxygen and glucose that is necessary for cellular respiration is produced in photosynthesis, and that's where the glucose comes from for the process of cellular respiration. Below are sources that mention the creation and eventual usage of glucose and oxygen in these processes, I hope this helps!

      https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-life-science-2.0/section/2.17/primary/lesson/connecting-cellular-respiration-and-photosynthesis-ms-ls
      https://sciencing.com/why-do-plants-need-photosynthesis-cellular-respiration-13427974.html

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    3. To answer your 3rd question, the only difference between the ETC in photosynthesis and the one in cell respiration is that in photosynthesis the ETC is at the beginning of the process and in cell respiration it is at the end of the process. Besides this there is no difference in the process.

      Source: https://sciencing.com/photosynthesis-cellular-respiration-electron-flow-6317087.html

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  3. 1. What color truly is chlorophyll when not exposed to light? Black?
    2. Is the xylem involved in photosynthesis?
    3. What other parts are involved for photosynthesis?

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    1. 1. To answer your first question, chlorophylls are surprisingly blue, but an exact color is not known
      https://mappingignorance.org/2015/03/26/the-true-color-of-chlorophylls/

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    2. To answer your second question, yes it is used to absorb nutrients for the plant to use in photosynthesis such as water.

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    3. In response to your second question, the xylem is partially involved as it transports the water to the leaves of the plant from the roots, and without water, photosynthesis is not able to take place :)

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    4. In response to your third question, photosynthesis primarily occurs in the mesophyll of the leaves in their chloroplasts. However, there are limited cases where plants can photosynthesize in their stems when the stem is modified to complete photosynthesis better.

      https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/overview-of-photosynthesis/#:~:text=In%20plants%2C%20the%20process%20of,which%20contain%20the%20pigment%20chlorophyll.
      https://www.studyadda.com/ncert-solution/11th-biology-photosynthesis-in-higher-plants/415/34838

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  4. 1.What rate of Co2 concentration is the best for photosynthesis?
    2.What parts of the plant are used the most in photosynthesis?
    3.What is the rate of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in plants?

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    1. To answer your first question, the ideal CO2 concentration is 1,000 to 1,300 ppm (parts per notation).
      http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-077.htm#:~:text=For%20most%20crops%20the%20saturation,well%20as%20for%20lettuce%20production.

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    2. To answer your second question, chloroplasts are the most used parts of the plant when going through photosynthesis. they're the parts that contain the chlorophyll that carry out photosynthesis and do a lot of the processing during this. Below is a source describing photosynthesis, I hope this helps!

      https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/photosynthetic-cells-14025371/

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    3. To answer your third question, it vaires greatly depending on the plants environment. A plant that is in the desert will not go through photosynthesis as much as there is less water in the environment.

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  5. 1. What would happen if the chloroplasts in a plant were defected, and what could cause this?
    2. Would it be possible for plants to mutate and absorb more light of one color and reflect more of another that's not green, and be a different color than green? (basically can plants reflect a color other than green)
    3. What effect would different levels of radiation have on a plant and its photosynthetic process?

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    1. In response to your first question, if a chloroplast becomes defective then the plant will not become green and will potentially limit their ability to photosynthesize. This can be caused by high temperatures or drought.

      https://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i42/Stressed-Plants-Destroy-Damaged-Chloroplasts.html#:~:text=In%20stressful%20conditions%20such%20as,reactive%20oxygen%20species%20(ROS).&text=With%20these%20green%20organelles%20destroyed%2C%20young%20plants%20never%20became%20green.

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    2. To answer your 3rd question Radiation can effect a plant by slowly (or quickly depending on the level) making the plant weak, and over time kills it completely. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/radiations/effects/effects-of-radiation-on-plants-and-animals/63634

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    3. In response to your second question, there are some circumstances where plants do not appear as green, this does not mean that they do not have chlorophyll it is usually just that another pigment covers it up. I do not believe this is a mutation but I hope it answers the main point of your question! Also here is a source that should go into more detail. http://sphericalhysterical.com/why-are-some-plants-not-green/

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    4. In response to your third question, I found that radiation exposure can completely destroy plants and their ability to reproduce, but in most cases, it kills the plant completely. This website also explains the effects of Chernobyl on plants :) https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/radiations/effects/effects-of-radiation-on-plants-and-animals/63634

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    5. To help answer your 2nd question here is an article about where the color comes from on red/purple cabbage:
      https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/botany/question439.htm#:~:text=The%20purple%20color%20in%20red,some%20fruits%20such%20as%20blueberries.

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  6. 1. How much faster does a plant that gets sunlight all day grow compared to a normal day cycle?
    2. Can xanthophylls photosynthesize sitll?
    3. How much of the glucose produced by photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration for the plant?

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    1. To answer your second question they can in a sense, but it is a little different. Here is a source that goes into more detail. https://www.pnas.org/content/94/25/14162

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    2. 1- Based on an online experiment comparing this topic, it was concluded that plants who received sunlight all day were able to absorb more sunlight increasing the photosynthesis reaction. Overall, the plants grown in sunlight all day germinate faster and grew more sprouts. The experiment lasted 14 days, by day 6 the plant in full sun grew 1/4 inch in size and by day 10 had grown 33 sprouts compared to the other tested plants. Though it is unclear how much faster,it can be seen that plants that receive sunlight all day have a better chance at growing than those that are not in sunlight.

      https://www.clearwaycommunitysolar.com/blog/science-center-home-experiments-for-kids/measuring-plant-growth-with-sunlight/

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    3. So from what I understand a majority of glucose produced is cycled through for cellular respiration. Glucose is also used to make cellulose for cell walls and starch as a food source.
      https://www.google.com/search?q=do+plants+only+need+glucose+for+cellular+respiration&rlz=1CAQIMT_enUS922&oq=do+plants+only+need+glucose+for+cell&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j33i22i29i30l4.7680j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on

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  7. 1 - What gives flowers and other plants color that isn't green?
    2 - How did scientists figure out about all the primary and accessory pigments?
    3 - Does anyone have a simple outline for photosynthesis to study with?

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    1. In response to your second question, I have been unable to find exactly when accessory pigments were discovered. However, I found that scientists classified chlorophyll a as the only primary pigment due to every plant having and needing it. So, because of that, all other pigments that are found since chlorophyll a are considered accessory pigments.

      https://biologywise.com/accessory-pigments

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    3. 1- Flowers and other plants that give off a redish or purple colour appear that way because they contain high levels of anthocyanin pigments. These plants still contain chlorophyll but it is hidden under a non-green pigment.

      https://www.kidpid.com/why-are-the-leaves-of-some-plants-not-green-in-colour/

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    4. 3- I do not a have my own specific outline of photosynthesis but here are some sources I use to study the concept :)

      https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-8-metabolism-cell/untitled-2/photosynthesis.html

      https://www.mrgscience.com/topic-29-photosynthesis.html

      http://www.ibworld.me/topic-2--molecular-.html

      http://www.ibworld.me/topic-8--respiration-photosynthesis.html

      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxyxvAyizAI

      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xk18OnnaOmY

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    5. To help answer your 1st question here is an article about where the color comes from in red cabbage:
      https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/botany/question439.htm#:~:text=The%20purple%20color%20in%20red,some%20fruits%20such%20as%20blueberries.

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  8. 1. Could someone explain the importance of the equation 6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12 + 6O2? (I think I understand it but just to be sure)
    2. What is carbon fixation and does it work in the Stroma?
    3. How does chemiosmosis work in this process?

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    1. To answer your 2nd question, carbon fixation is the process by which photosynthetic organisms such as plants turn inorganic carbon (usually carbon dioxide) into organic compounds (us. Carbohydrates). Carbon fixation is the first process in the Calvin Cycle. A CO2 molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule. This step makes a six-carbon compound that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, or rubisco.

      Sources:
      https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/carbon-fixation
      More information about the process of carbon fixation can be found here:
      https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/photosynthesis/a/calvin-cycle

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    2. To answer your 3rd question, chemiosmosis works in the same way that it does in cell respiration, moving protons from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration and creating ATP.

      Source: https://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-help/104248-plant-photosynthesis-and-cellular-respiration/#:~:text=Both%20cellular%20respiration%20and%20photosynthesis,chain%20utilized%20to%20create%20ATP.&text=In%20cellular%20respiration%2C%20food%20is,light%20energy%20to%20release%20ATP.

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    3. 1- So this is simply just the formula for photosynthesis. If you ignore how scary it initially looks, you can get past that and it actually isn't too tricky to understand. Essentially, it just shows how much of each molecule there is during the process of photosynthesis and what happens as a result of it.

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  9. 1. How did researchers learn that there are different types of chlorophyll and pigments?
    2. Around how much glucose is produced by a plant in a single day?
    3. What is light energy made of and how is it used to excite electrons?

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    1. 3- As far as I know, light energy is made of photons, and when photons interact with elections they move into a "high energy state"- therefore getting excited, and moving faster.

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    2. 2. I struggled to find details on chlorophyll b discovery- or at least had a difficult time comprehending what I did find. A man named Willslatter was able to separate chloropyll from other substances, proved there were variants, and confirmed the formulas of both a and b.

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    3. 2. *Richard Willstatter
      https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-green-molecule/8202.article

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  10. 1. Sometimes things are purple like purple carrots or potatoes. What's up with that. Also they grow underground so does that affect things?
    2.I don't fully understand the u shape and dips of different wavelengths when we graph them. Could anyone explain?
    3. Are the lamella in chloroplasts important?

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    1. The lamella in the chloroplasts are important! :) These connecting pieces of the grana provide structure in the chloroplast (like a skeleton does for the body) and keep the thylakoids distanced from each other. This maximizes efficiency and surface area for absorbing the sunlight.
      Source: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_chloroplast.html

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    2. 1) I love this question haha. In both cases, these purple vegetables are caused by the same pigment: anthocyanin. This pigment causes red, blue, and purple colors to come through in certain foods (because of the wavelengths that they absorb and reflect). Purple foods like these are rich in antioxidants and vitamins, and have been found to have many positive health benefits!

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  11. 1) Co2 and light intensity both plateau at a certain rate because of the presence of another limiting factor. Does this mean that if the Co2, temperature, and light intensity conditions were all optimally/equally high, photosynthesis could occur extremely quickly? Or is there a maximum capacity/efficiency that cannot be exceeded?
    2) Does light actually have color, or are the colors just used to represent wavelength of light on the electromagnetic spectrum?
    3) What exactly is a photon in photosynthesis?

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    1. In response to question 1, there most likely is a point where there can be no improvement in the rate of photosythesis within a plant, as there would be a time where the provided resources are a surplus compared to the plant's amount of chloroplasts, meaning that there can only be so much consumed at a time.

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  12. 1. When was photosynthesis first discovered and by who?
    2. Are plants like red cabbage able to use green light for photosynthesis?
    3. What is the optimum CO2 amount for any given plant?

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    1. In response to question 1, photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz and his findings were first published in 1779.
      https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-Ingenhousz

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  13. 1. What plant has the highest photosynthesis rate under natural conditions?
    2. How are pigments utilized to process light energy?
    3. Are there any plants that don't undergo photosynthesis?

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DPBioY1 - 2020 - 2.9 & 8.3 Photosynthesis

DPBioY1 - 2020 - 2.9 & 8.3 Photosynthesis  2 marks for your questions 3 marks for your reply 2 marks for submitting on time