1. Is BMI a tell-all for the healthiness of weight compared to height or does it lack in areas? If so, what are these areas? 2. I might have missed this, but what makes lipids able to store more energy than carbohydrates? 3. What function does adipose tissue serve?
to answer your third question, I found a website that talks about how adipose tissue contains nerve cells and blood vessels that store and release energy that fuels the body and provides the hormones it needs.
To answer your first question, It is not a completely reliable way of telling the health of someone. As an individual who works out and I know for a fact is not overweight, it is not the best way of gauging health seeing as how it places me in the obese 1 category as I had a body mass index of 29.2. It lacks in the assumption of different builds and muscle concentration as it only assumes a specific build and muscle content level on the body. Another example is the best body builder of all time (Arnold Schwarzenegger had a BMI of 30.2 meaning he was obese even though he was shredded.
For your second question, lipids have qualities that make them more efficient for long-term storage and usage. They are able to store twice the energy as carbohydrates per gram, storage is 6 times more efficient, can be used as a heart insulator for the body, and is a better shock absorber than carbohydrates. Source: textbook 78-79
Other than long term energy storage what is another function of lipids that is important? Are there any health risks of lipids? what are the benefits of having an unsaturated fatty acid or a saturated one, visa versa?
To answer your first question, lipids also serve the function of cell membrane structure (phospholipids) and recent studies are finding that they are also partially responsible for signalling transduction. This study is still not 100% conclusive, but if you want to find more on it, here's the link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5776726/
To answer your second question, in themselves lipids hold no health risks as they are simply a nutrient for the body however in to high of a quantity it can lead to the deterioration of the body through obesity, heart issues, and other general issues caused by to much lipid storage.
For your third question, saturated fats have been shown to increase chances of heart disease, although it is essential for a healthy body, as it it used in your cells, liver and many other places in the body. Unsaturated fats are considered healthy fats because they have been shown to assist in weight loss, and decrease chances of heart disease, although polyunsaturated fats have the ability to become unstable and therefore toxic. https://www.pro-activ.com/en-ie/heart-and-cholesterol/cholesterol-and-fats/what-are-saturated-and-unsaturated-fats#:~:text=Saturated%20fatty%20acids%20lack%20double,liquid%20and%20from%20plant%20sources.
1. Is BMI the most reliable way to gauge how healthy someone is? 2. What chemical properties allow for fat to store double the energy compared to carbohydrates? 3. What tasks are carbohydrates more efficient at than lipids?
For your first question, BMI is not an accurate way of knowing your health unless it is measured by a doctor using more advanced tools than an equation. The idea that you should have a certain ratio of weight to height is exclusionary of everything else that goes into weight besides fat. BMI in the first place was created by a mathematician, not a physician, and it's purpose wasn't to measure healthy weight, it was a way to allocate resources for the government. AKA, is was a way of taking statistics for a population, not measuring individual health. When it was created, only Scottish and French people were used to define what 'average' should be, so BMI also does not factor in genetic differences between different ethnicities. Many people who are at healthy weights and are considered to be 'overweight' or 'obese' according to the chart, really just have a naturally denser bone structure, or high muscle mass. With bone being twice as dense as fat, this can be very misleading for people with larger frames who are told they are overweight according to BMI. The issue of muscle mass is much more common, as muscle, like bone, is much denser than fat and adds healthy pounds to the scale. According to his BMI (30.8) Dwane Johnson is considered to be obese, when we know he clearly is not. The BMI equation assumes that you have a perfectly average frame, average bone density, and average eveything else that a body could be, other than fat, but for almost all people this is not the case, therefore BMI can often have very little meaning in terms of a persons health (unless measured professionally).
To answer your third question, carbohydrates would be a more efficient use of energy when a short burst of energy is needed that is not long enough for lipids to need to be involved, such as sprints.
In response to your second question, the reason that fat stores double the energy of carbohydrates is because fats are normally composed of triglycerides. The triglyceride is broken into it's base parts of fatty acids and glycerol through a process called lipolysis in the cytoplasm. This break down allows for 3 fatty acid chains to be broken down in the mitochondria and 1 glycerol to be broken down in glycolosis. This allows for at least 4 ATP to be made by fats. However, with carbohydrates, they are broken down during glycolosis which produces less energy in total.
Why do changes in temperature cause condensation? What difference does it make in the body is fats are saturated or unsaturated? What are examples of the ways that BMI can be an inaccurate measure of health?
To answer your third question, BMI is meant to be an average measure based on the U.S average build. This means that the BMI is not correct for everyone as people have different builds and weight distributions such as with muscle.
To answer your second question, there is some debate on this. Studies have shown that people with a saturated fat heavy diet have a higher risk of heart disease (the textbook), however, newer studies are showing that decreasing the role of saturated fats in the diet has no impact on heart disease rates. It is finding that a decrease in trans fats, a type of unsaturated fat, does decrease the risk of heart disease. It's up to you which one you want to believe. If you want a bit more information: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321655#dietary-fat-and-its-types
To answer your first question, changes in temperature cause condensation because when the air is warmer it can hold more water vapor, while air that is cooler can't hold as much. When warm air is cooled it loses its ability to hold the water vapor and it becomes condensation.
Hope this helps! Source: https://sunwindows.com/pdf/CondensationInfo.pdf
"Bad" cholesterol is also called LDL cholesterol and it is considered bad because it collects on the walls of blood vessels and will increase chances of getting a heart attack. The reason LDL is considered bad is because it takes cholesterol to your arteries where the cholesterol may collect on the artery walls. The good cholesterol is called HDL and it is good because it takes cholesterol, and sometimes LDL, to the liver to be flushed out of the body.
To answer your first question, unsaturated fats help lower LDL cholesterol, build up immune system, and reduce inflammation. I found my information on https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321655#:~:text=Unsaturated%20fats%20help%20lower%20a,according%20to%20a%202014%20study.
For question number 3, with trans-fats as an example, in the food industry they use artificially hydrogenated oils. Through the hydrogenation process the gas bubbles through the oils to solidify them. As this is happening, the cis double bonds convert to a trans double bond. I got my information from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/lipid-molecules/
To help answer your 1st question, Saturated fats are not as bad as trans fats but should be taken in moderation. The recommended intake of saturated fats is under 10% of calories a day.too much of these fats can lead to a spike in cholesterol levels and cause an increase in LDlL cholesterol.
1. With animal testing for heath benefits/risks, how accurate are the results compared to the way it impacts humans? 2. Are there any benefits to consuming saturated fatty acids? 3. How are triglycerides used in the human body?
To answer your second question, there are some benefits to consuming saturated fats such as keeping our bones healthy, guarding the liver from alcohol, and improving the immune system. Source: https://www.cnyfertility.com/benefits-of-saturated-fats/
To answer your third question, triglycerides are similar to cholesterol, as both are lipids that circulate in the bloodstream. Triglycerides are used to store unused calories and provide the body with energy I got my information from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/triglycerides/art-20048186#:~:text=Triglycerides%20and%20cholesterol%20are%20different,build%20cells%20and%20certain%20hormones.
To answer your first question, there are two major answers for this, that it isn't accurate and that it is. These answers come from the two sides of the argument regarding whether or not it is ethical to test animals. Those who don't think that animal testing is accurate are against animal testing and those that do think it is accurate are for animal testing. In an argument that says it is inaccurate, PETA states that "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has noted that 95 percent of all drugs that are shown to be safe and effective in animal tests fail in human trials because they don't work or are dangerous." There are different ways to interpret this question. In drug studies where animals are used, they tend to be inaccurate when used in humans. But when you look at psychological studies with rats, it is accurate because rats have similar brain structures as humans. An example would be how studying rats that had Alzheimer's allowed scientists to better understand the disease and it was all accurate.
Hope this helps!
Rat experiment - Psychology class :) PETA quote: https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animal-testing-bad-science/#:~:text=Because%20animal%20tests%20are%20so,t%20work%20or%20are%20dangerous.
Question #1: When I looked this up, the top sources were from organizations speaking against animal testing because of its lack of accuracy in human trial. Although the perspectives of these sources are important, I remembered some of the things we've learned in psychology and TOK, and first found another article explaining how to be aware of the bias when analyzing these perspectives. Here is the website I found that talks about common statistics regarding animal testing being taken out of context:https://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/news/communications-media/nine-out-of-ten-statistics-are-taken-out-of-context/ That being said, there are some legitimate factors that can make the results of animal experimentation less accurate. 1) The stress that the animal is under in the lab environment can cause increased health issues in the animal, therefore affecting the accuracy of the results. 2) Trying to recreate human diseases in biologically different animals is very difficult. Even with controlled conditions, drugs and medications impact animal bodies differently. The complexity of the body cannot truly be matched as it is in humans. This has led to higher failure rates between animal and human trials. 3) Many animals thought to be reliable differ greatly from subject to subject based on the specific species and sources. Results are often inconsistent. In specific health issues, such as inflammatory diseases, it was found that mice expressed completely different genes than humans, and this is something that is extremely difficult to change in order to see more accuracy. Here is the link to the source for more detailed information :) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594046/
1) Why does BMI not take into the fact people can weigh more due to muscle mass? 2) Does having a high BMI really mean you are obese or are there limitations to it? 3) Though there are many health benefits from monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats, are there any problems with eating only foods containing those? 4) Are there proteins or vitamins monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats lack that are essential?
For question #1: As I'm doing some research, I'm finding that scientists believe BMI isn't a reliable indication of body fat content because of this issue. In this article (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265215) it says that BMI doesn't take into account muscle mass, as well as other essential factors such as bone density, genetics, gender, and other biological differences. This has caused some otherwise healthy individuals to be labeled obese. BMI is a flawed method and many in the science industry know it. Some experts believe that obesity is not fully understood and defined in science. There is a new method called RFM that measures fat index based on a measure of the waist in comparison to height. This way, measures such as muscle mass don't falsely lead to a diagnosis of obesity (https://www.sciencealert.com/new-accurate-rfm-body-fat-measure-could-end-bmi-body-mass-index)
To answer your 3rd question, there are issues that can arise when you eat too many foods containing mono/polyunsaturated fats. Professionals recommend staying under the daily recommended fat amount, regardless of whether it is saturated or unsaturated. Because fat is the strongest provider of energy, it contributes a large amount of calories to our diets. Eating a lot of fat, saturated or unsaturated, results in higher calorie intake, which always has the possibility of becoming unhealthy. https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/body/diet-nutrition/a15047977/how-too-much-healthy-fat-affects-body/
In response to your second question, BMI is a fairly decent way to determine if someone is obese or not. However, there are other variables such as age, gender, or how athletic a person is that may affect their BMI and may not be directly reflected in their BMI.
In response to your 4th question, vitamins and proteins are completely separate from fatty acids in terms of composition (proteins are made up of amino acids, and vitamins are more similar to the carbon rings in carbohydrates), so it all depends on the types of food that have mono or polysaturated fats.
1) What happens to the water molecules produced in condensation? 2) From the penguin DBQ: What is the science behind penguins being able to go months without food? Also, why was this study allowed to be conducted if it doesn't seem ethical? 3) We talked about ways that people can reduce their body masses, but I've never considered the science behind it! How exactly does exercise combat body mass issues? 4) If trans-fats have been banned in the United States, what is being used to prolong the shelf life of common snack foods?
To help answer your 1st question, during condensation water molecules in a gas cool down. The water molecules in gas form bond with each other until they collect together to be transformed into a liquid. https://www.stcharles.k12.la.us/cms/lib/LA01906411/Centricity/Domain/1258/Evaporation%20and%20condensation%20Article.pdf
In response to question 3, exercise combats BMI by effecting the sub-cellular structures. During physical activities, the mitochondria in the cell is able to "burn off" fatty acid fuel which has been known to lower blood levels of branched-chain amino acids. Branched-chin amino acid are prevalent in those with high BMI (obese/overweight). Scientist speculate that the healthier the mitochondria is, the more likely personal health will improve. Other multi-systematic benefits of exercise is a lowering of cholesterol levels and inflammation in the body. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-science-of-exercise-shows-benefits-beyond-weight-loss
If you want an example of BMI, I found an experiment done on how to maintain/lower BMI that further explains the effects of exercises. It also disproves that exercise is the only way to lower BMI.
In response to your second question, based on the data provided, they most likely store fat from food, much like animals during hibernation, and then during the period of incubating the eggs, they burn through that fat for energy. While I can't comment on the ethics behind the experiment, it is common for researchers to use animal subjects over human subjects within tests.
Question 4: well, it's a little complicated. Companies were warned and had 3 years (until June 18,2018) to stop using trans fats. But, if they were manufactured before then, it's more lenient (till up to 2021 for some). Also, if there's less than .5 grams of trans fats it's still labeled as 0. Trans fats are still used for a lot of frying oils and we also still have things like shortening. The main reason these are so popular is because of how cheap they are. Basically, not all trans fats have been banned/ are gone. Foods can be processed in many different ways that can help preserve them. One way for things like chips is "nitrogen flushing" which replaces oxygen with nitrogen: https://www.verywellfit.com/nitrogen-flushing-protects-and-preserves-foods-2505948#:~:text=Nitrogen%20flushing%20is%20a%20method,so%20they%20stay%20fresher%20longer.
1) Is a compound made of 2(+) elements bonded together? Or is it made of 2(+) molecules? Or both? 2)What causes the carbons in different fats to bond the way they do?(trans bonds vs cis bonds) 3)We watched a video and discussed the process America and found companies have gone through involving trans fats. What laws or restrictions exist in other countries involving trans fats? Are there some countries that are strict about what food is available to the public when they have things such as trans fats?
To answer your second question, it is most likely dependent on which hydrogen atoms are lost to create the double bond, as if both on one side are lost, it becomes cis, and if one on each side is lost, it becomes trans.
1. How do molecules lose water through condensation? 2. What differentiates disaccharides from polysaccharides? 3. What causes fatty acids to generate cholesterol within our bodies?
Question 3: I actually can't find an answer to this and I don't know why. I have found some clarity on LDLs and HDLs though. Not sure if this will help you but I figured I would still share the information. So, fats and cholesterol are both lipids which separate from water. They can't travel through the bloodstream like that so they are surrounded in a little protein bubble (lipoprotein). LDL is considered bad because that cholesterol is transported to tissues where as HDL goes to your liver where it can be broken down. I also found out we consume only 20% of our body's cholesterol. I don't think fatty acids generate cholesterol but rather impact the amount of certain types of cholesterol we have https://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/features/cholesterol-facts https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/how-its-made-cholesterol-production-in-your-body
Question 2- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides put together, and a polysaccharide is a polymer of many saccharides which link together. I'm not sure how else to better explain it, so here's a link to a website:) https://diffsense.com/diff/disaccharide/polysaccharide
Question one, throughout condensation, when the water molecules are in a form of gas, they don't bond as well as they would as a liquid. Because of this, and the change in heat, the molecules lose some water. https://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/atmospheric_moisture/condensation_process.html
1. What dietary plans have been proven to lower BMI and what is the science behind how the foods we eat effect our BMI? 2. what would happen to the body if a person did not ingest enough monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats? 3. How do small structural differences in molecular biology change the function of molecules? (for example Alpha glucose and beta glucose).
1. watch the type of fats you eat not the amount, eat whole grains rather than refined, it is important to balance calories (how much you burn/ consume within a day), the studies are varied but one connects high milk intake to increased bmi, sugary drinks increase bmi( both soda and juice). A Mediterranean diet seems to be one of the better dietary plans. many many things go into different diets and lowering bmi. Not all of the science is as reliable and it varies for each aspect you're looking at and what your goal is. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/diet-and-weight/
Question 1- Well a lot of diets can be quite unhealthy and unsustainable, but people still tend to do them. A more extreme diet is the Keto diet, it is also one of the most popular. This diet is where you cut out sugar completely and eat very few carbohydrates. I suppose you could say it's proven to lower BMI because once your body enters ketosis the % of fat in your body shoots way down. (Therefore, a person loses weight). Certain foods we consume store as fat in our body, and an excess could lead to weight gain. The more you weigh, the higher your BMI.
Question 2- If we don't consume enough monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats (AKA the good ones) then our bodies may not have good access to a reliable fat source. All human bodies need a certain % of fat to maintain viability. If we don't eat enough, our body resorts to breaking down our own fat stores. Once our bodies fat storage runs out, it begins to break down muscle mass. If our bodies lose too much fat and muscle, our organs would begin to fail. In women, if there isn't enough body fat she could potentially run the risk of losing her menstrual cycle which could be very damaging to her reproductive health. Fat is very important to the health of our bodies! (The good fats).
1) What is the difference between LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol? 2) How could we create a more effective way to measure a persons health other than the BMI scale? What could we do instead? (since it doesn't take into consideration muscle mass for example) 3) Are there examples where trans fats can be used for good?
To answer your first question, HDL is considered good cholesterol due to it being carried to your liver to be removed from your blood stream, while LDL is considered bad cholesterol due to it taking itself directly to your arteries https://www.keckmedicine.org/what-is-the-difference-between-good-and-bad-cholesterol/#:~:text=As%20a%20general%20rule%2C%20HDL,cholesterol%20directly%20to%20your%20arteries.
To answer your third question, there are no known benefits to trans fats, and it raises your bad cholesterol while lowering your good cholesterol https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/trans-fat/art-20046114
In response to your second question, BMI is not always accurate and should not be the only thing you look at to determine your overall healthiness. One method you can use that has been proven to be one of the "best predictor[s] of both whole-body fat percentage' is finding your waist-to-height ratio. There are benefits to BMI, but also some drawbacks, as it doesn't take into account muscle mass (muscle mass weighs about 18% more than a mass of fat the same size). All this to say that BMI doesn't automatically determine your healthiness and such, as it isn't the most accurate form of measurement out there. I linked some sources to different methods as well, hope this helped!
1. What other ways can you tell the healthiness of your weight than BMI? 2. Should you consume more carbs or more lipids for energy? 3.What would happen if you used up all of the energy found within the lipids in your body?
In response to your first question, while BMI is a useful tool, it is not always accurate and should not be the only thing you look at to determine your overall healthiness. You can have a high BMI and be completely healthy, and you can also have a "normal" one as well but be unhealthy/needing medical help. One method you can use that has been proven to be one of the "best predictor[s] of both whole-body fat percentage' is finding your waist-to-height ratio. There are benefits to BMI, but also some drawbacks, as it doesn't take into account muscle mass (muscle mass weighs about 18% more than a mass of fat the same size). All this to say that BMI doesn't automatically determine your healthiness and such, as it isn't the most accurate form of measurement out there.
In response to your second question, both lipids and carbs are good sources of energy, they are just released into your body a little differently. Lipids have more energy than carbs (around twice as much per gram), it's just released into your body a little slower. Carbohydrates are digested faster than lipids and release their energy more rapidly. So, all things considered, carbs are good for when you need fast energy that will help you out sooner rather than later. This is most likely the better option for more short term things, and will not be likely to last as long as lipids. Lipids are most likely better for long term things that will require extra energy, like a marathon. It does have the con of needing a little longer to be released into your body and used as energy, but the pro is that it has almost 2 times the amount of energy as carbs, so it would last longer as well. Of course, there's nothing saying that you can't eat foods with both in order to gain maximum energy for long and short term, but these are the pros and cons to each one.
In response to your third question, when the body's lipids do not have enough energy, it causes metabolism disorders. Two of those disorders are calls gauchers, and tay-sachs disease. Without energy in the lipids, it causes bad productivity defects and the lipids cannot do their designated job. Here is the resource I used, https://medlineplus.gov/lipidmetabolismdisorders.html
1. When was BMI outdated as not the only source to test one's healthiness ? 2. Saturates fats come from animals, while unsaturated fats come from oils, is there something in animals that make the fats saturated? 3. Is it healthy to have a balance of saturated and unsaturated fats, or should saturated fats be avoided as much as possible?
1) Why does muscle mass weigh more than fat mass? 2) Is there anything remotely good you can get from saturated fats? Or is it all just completely and horribly bad? 3) Are there any negative effects you can get from leaving wheat/flour and bread products out of your diet, and what type of fats would those products go under? (saturated/trans/monosaturated/polysaturated)
To your first question, muscle mass takes up four-fifths as much space than fat does. Muscle product is also denser than that of fat. I found this answer at, https://www.banisternutrition.com/fat-vs-muscle/
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete1. Is BMI a tell-all for the healthiness of weight compared to height or does it lack in areas? If so, what are these areas?
ReplyDelete2. I might have missed this, but what makes lipids able to store more energy than carbohydrates?
3. What function does adipose tissue serve?
to answer your third question, I found a website that talks about how adipose tissue contains nerve cells and blood vessels that store and release energy that fuels the body and provides the hormones it needs.
Deletehttps://www.google.com/search?q=what+function+does+the+adipose+tissue+serve&rlz=1CAQIMT_enUS899&oq=what+function+does+adipose&aqs=chrome.2.69i57j0i22i30i457j0i22i30l2.9013j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on
To answer your first question, It is not a completely reliable way of telling the health of someone. As an individual who works out and I know for a fact is not overweight, it is not the best way of gauging health seeing as how it places me in the obese 1 category as I had a body mass index of 29.2. It lacks in the assumption of different builds and muscle concentration as it only assumes a specific build and muscle content level on the body. Another example is the best body builder of all time (Arnold Schwarzenegger had a BMI of 30.2 meaning he was obese even though he was shredded.
DeleteFor your second question, lipids have qualities that make them more efficient for long-term storage and usage. They are able to store twice the energy as carbohydrates per gram, storage is 6 times more efficient, can be used as a heart insulator for the body, and is a better shock absorber than carbohydrates.
DeleteSource: textbook 78-79
to answer your second question, I found a website that talks about why lipids can store more energy than carbohydrates.
ReplyDeletehttps://www2.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/modules/biomolecules/modules/lipids/lipid5.htm#:~:text=Why%20do%20lipids%20store%20so%20much%20more%20energy%20than%20carbohydrates%3F&text=Therefore%2C%20when%20the%20greater%20number,same%20process%20happens%20to%20carbohydrates.
Other than long term energy storage what is another function of lipids that is important?
ReplyDeleteAre there any health risks of lipids?
what are the benefits of having an unsaturated fatty acid or a saturated one, visa versa?
To answer your first question, lipids also serve the function of cell membrane structure (phospholipids) and recent studies are finding that they are also partially responsible for signalling transduction. This study is still not 100% conclusive, but if you want to find more on it, here's the link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5776726/
DeleteTo answer your second question, in themselves lipids hold no health risks as they are simply a nutrient for the body however in to high of a quantity it can lead to the deterioration of the body through obesity, heart issues, and other general issues caused by to much lipid storage.
DeleteFor your third question, saturated fats have been shown to increase chances of heart disease, although it is essential for a healthy body, as it it used in your cells, liver and many other places in the body. Unsaturated fats are considered healthy fats because they have been shown to assist in weight loss, and decrease chances of heart disease, although polyunsaturated fats have the ability to become unstable and therefore toxic. https://www.pro-activ.com/en-ie/heart-and-cholesterol/cholesterol-and-fats/what-are-saturated-and-unsaturated-fats#:~:text=Saturated%20fatty%20acids%20lack%20double,liquid%20and%20from%20plant%20sources.
Delete1. Is BMI the most reliable way to gauge how healthy someone is?
ReplyDelete2. What chemical properties allow for fat to store double the energy compared to carbohydrates?
3. What tasks are carbohydrates more efficient at than lipids?
For your first question, BMI is not an accurate way of knowing your health unless it is measured by a doctor using more advanced tools than an equation. The idea that you should have a certain ratio of weight to height is exclusionary of everything else that goes into weight besides fat. BMI in the first place was created by a mathematician, not a physician, and it's purpose wasn't to measure healthy weight, it was a way to allocate resources for the government. AKA, is was a way of taking statistics for a population, not measuring individual health. When it was created, only Scottish and French people were used to define what 'average' should be, so BMI also does not factor in genetic differences between different ethnicities. Many people who are at healthy weights and are considered to be 'overweight' or 'obese' according to the chart, really just have a naturally denser bone structure, or high muscle mass. With bone being twice as dense as fat, this can be very misleading for people with larger frames who are told they are overweight according to BMI. The issue of muscle mass is much more common, as muscle, like bone, is much denser than fat and adds healthy pounds to the scale. According to his BMI (30.8) Dwane Johnson is considered to be obese, when we know he clearly is not. The BMI equation assumes that you have a perfectly average frame, average bone density, and average eveything else that a body could be, other than fat, but for almost all people this is not the case, therefore BMI can often have very little meaning in terms of a persons health (unless measured professionally).
Deletehttps://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/how-useful-is-the-body-mass-index-bmi-201603309339
https://elemental.medium.com/the-bizarre-and-racist-history-of-the-bmi-7d8dc2aa33bb
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17890752/
To answer your third question, carbohydrates would be a more efficient use of energy when a short burst of energy is needed that is not long enough for lipids to need to be involved, such as sprints.
DeleteIn response to your second question, the reason that fat stores double the energy of carbohydrates is because fats are normally composed of triglycerides. The triglyceride is broken into it's base parts of fatty acids and glycerol through a process called lipolysis in the cytoplasm. This break down allows for 3 fatty acid chains to be broken down in the mitochondria and 1 glycerol to be broken down in glycolosis. This allows for at least 4 ATP to be made by fats. However, with carbohydrates, they are broken down during glycolosis which produces less energy in total.
DeleteLipids:
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/24-4-lipid-metabolism/
Carbohydrates:
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/24-2-carbohydrate-metabolism/
Why do changes in temperature cause condensation?
ReplyDeleteWhat difference does it make in the body is fats are saturated or unsaturated?
What are examples of the ways that BMI can be an inaccurate measure of health?
To answer your third question, BMI is meant to be an average measure based on the U.S average build. This means that the BMI is not correct for everyone as people have different builds and weight distributions such as with muscle.
DeleteTo answer your second question, there is some debate on this. Studies have shown that people with a saturated fat heavy diet have a higher risk of heart disease (the textbook), however, newer studies are showing that decreasing the role of saturated fats in the diet has no impact on heart disease rates. It is finding that a decrease in trans fats, a type of unsaturated fat, does decrease the risk of heart disease. It's up to you which one you want to believe.
DeleteIf you want a bit more information: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321655#dietary-fat-and-its-types
To answer your first question, changes in temperature cause condensation because when the air is warmer it can hold more water vapor, while air that is cooler can't hold as much. When warm air is cooled it loses its ability to hold the water vapor and it becomes condensation.
DeleteHope this helps!
Source: https://sunwindows.com/pdf/CondensationInfo.pdf
1. What makes unsaturated fats so healthy?
ReplyDelete2. What does "bad" cholesterol do that it is identified as bad?
3. What causes different bonds in fats?
"Bad" cholesterol is also called LDL cholesterol and it is considered bad because it collects on the walls of blood vessels and will increase chances of getting a heart attack. The reason LDL is considered bad is because it takes cholesterol to your arteries where the cholesterol may collect on the artery walls. The good cholesterol is called HDL and it is good because it takes cholesterol, and sometimes LDL, to the liver to be flushed out of the body.
Deletehttps://www.healthline.com/health/hdl-vs-ldl-cholesterol#hdl-vs-ldl
To answer your first question, unsaturated fats help lower LDL cholesterol, build up immune system, and reduce inflammation. I found my information on https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321655#:~:text=Unsaturated%20fats%20help%20lower%20a,according%20to%20a%202014%20study.
DeleteFor question number 3, with trans-fats as an example, in the food industry they use artificially hydrogenated oils. Through the hydrogenation process the gas bubbles through the oils to solidify them. As this is happening, the cis double bonds convert to a trans double bond.
DeleteI got my information from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/lipid-molecules/
To help answer your 1st question, Saturated fats are not as bad as trans fats but should be taken in moderation. The recommended intake of saturated fats is under 10% of calories a day.too much of these fats can lead to a spike in cholesterol levels and cause an increase in LDlL cholesterol.
Deletehttps://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-truth-about-fats-bad-and-good
1. With animal testing for heath benefits/risks, how accurate are the results compared to the way it impacts humans?
ReplyDelete2. Are there any benefits to consuming saturated fatty acids?
3. How are triglycerides used in the human body?
To answer your second question, there are some benefits to consuming saturated fats such as keeping our bones healthy, guarding the liver from alcohol, and improving the immune system.
DeleteSource: https://www.cnyfertility.com/benefits-of-saturated-fats/
To answer your third question, triglycerides are similar to cholesterol, as both are lipids that circulate in the bloodstream. Triglycerides are used to store unused calories and provide the body with energy
DeleteI got my information from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/triglycerides/art-20048186#:~:text=Triglycerides%20and%20cholesterol%20are%20different,build%20cells%20and%20certain%20hormones.
To answer your first question, there are two major answers for this, that it isn't accurate and that it is. These answers come from the two sides of the argument regarding whether or not it is ethical to test animals. Those who don't think that animal testing is accurate are against animal testing and those that do think it is accurate are for animal testing. In an argument that says it is inaccurate, PETA states that "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has noted that 95 percent of all drugs that are shown to be safe and effective in animal tests fail in human trials because they don't work or are dangerous."
DeleteThere are different ways to interpret this question. In drug studies where animals are used, they tend to be inaccurate when used in humans. But when you look at psychological studies with rats, it is accurate because rats have similar brain structures as humans. An example would be how studying rats that had Alzheimer's allowed scientists to better understand the disease and it was all accurate.
Hope this helps!
Rat experiment - Psychology class :)
PETA quote: https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animal-testing-bad-science/#:~:text=Because%20animal%20tests%20are%20so,t%20work%20or%20are%20dangerous.
Question #1: When I looked this up, the top sources were from organizations speaking against animal testing because of its lack of accuracy in human trial. Although the perspectives of these sources are important, I remembered some of the things we've learned in psychology and TOK, and first found another article explaining how to be aware of the bias when analyzing these perspectives. Here is the website I found that talks about common statistics regarding animal testing being taken out of context:https://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/news/communications-media/nine-out-of-ten-statistics-are-taken-out-of-context/
DeleteThat being said, there are some legitimate factors that can make the results of animal experimentation less accurate. 1) The stress that the animal is under in the lab environment can cause increased health issues in the animal, therefore affecting the accuracy of the results. 2) Trying to recreate human diseases in biologically different animals is very difficult. Even with controlled conditions, drugs and medications impact animal bodies differently. The complexity of the body cannot truly be matched as it is in humans. This has led to higher failure rates between animal and human trials. 3) Many animals thought to be reliable differ greatly from subject to subject based on the specific species and sources. Results are often inconsistent. In specific health issues, such as inflammatory diseases, it was found that mice expressed completely different genes than humans, and this is something that is extremely difficult to change in order to see more accuracy. Here is the link to the source for more detailed information :) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594046/
Here is an article to supplement Riley's answer to your second question:
Deletehttps://www.healthline.com/nutrition/saturated-fat
1) Why does BMI not take into the fact people can weigh more due to muscle mass?
ReplyDelete2) Does having a high BMI really mean you are obese or are there limitations to it?
3) Though there are many health benefits from monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats, are there any problems with eating only foods containing those?
4) Are there proteins or vitamins monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats lack that are essential?
For question #1: As I'm doing some research, I'm finding that scientists believe BMI isn't a reliable indication of body fat content because of this issue. In this article (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265215) it says that BMI doesn't take into account muscle mass, as well as other essential factors such as bone density, genetics, gender, and other biological differences. This has caused some otherwise healthy individuals to be labeled obese. BMI is a flawed method and many in the science industry know it. Some experts believe that obesity is not fully understood and defined in science. There is a new method called RFM that measures fat index based on a measure of the waist in comparison to height. This way, measures such as muscle mass don't falsely lead to a diagnosis of obesity (https://www.sciencealert.com/new-accurate-rfm-body-fat-measure-could-end-bmi-body-mass-index)
DeleteTo answer your 3rd question, there are issues that can arise when you eat too many foods containing mono/polyunsaturated fats. Professionals recommend staying under the daily recommended fat amount, regardless of whether it is saturated or unsaturated. Because fat is the strongest provider of energy, it contributes a large amount of calories to our diets. Eating a lot of fat, saturated or unsaturated, results in higher calorie intake, which always has the possibility of becoming unhealthy. https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/body/diet-nutrition/a15047977/how-too-much-healthy-fat-affects-body/
DeleteIn response to your second question, BMI is a fairly decent way to determine if someone is obese or not. However, there are other variables such as age, gender, or how athletic a person is that may affect their BMI and may not be directly reflected in their BMI.
Deletehttps://www.cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/bmiforpactitioners.pdf
In response to your 4th question, vitamins and proteins are completely separate from fatty acids in terms of composition (proteins are made up of amino acids, and vitamins are more similar to the carbon rings in carbohydrates), so it all depends on the types of food that have mono or polysaturated fats.
Delete1) What happens to the water molecules produced in condensation?
ReplyDelete2) From the penguin DBQ: What is the science behind penguins being able to go months without food? Also, why was this study allowed to be conducted if it doesn't seem ethical?
3) We talked about ways that people can reduce their body masses, but I've never considered the science behind it! How exactly does exercise combat body mass issues?
4) If trans-fats have been banned in the United States, what is being used to prolong the shelf life of common snack foods?
To help answer your 1st question, during condensation water molecules in a gas cool down. The water molecules in gas form bond with each other until they collect together to be transformed into a liquid.
Deletehttps://www.stcharles.k12.la.us/cms/lib/LA01906411/Centricity/Domain/1258/Evaporation%20and%20condensation%20Article.pdf
In response to question 3, exercise combats BMI by effecting the sub-cellular structures. During physical activities, the mitochondria in the cell is able to "burn off" fatty acid fuel which has been known to lower blood levels of branched-chain amino acids. Branched-chin amino acid are prevalent in those with high BMI (obese/overweight). Scientist speculate that the healthier the mitochondria is, the more likely personal health will improve. Other multi-systematic benefits of exercise is a lowering of cholesterol levels and inflammation in the body.
Deletehttps://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-science-of-exercise-shows-benefits-beyond-weight-loss
If you want an example of BMI, I found an experiment done on how to maintain/lower BMI that further explains the effects of exercises. It also disproves that exercise is the only way to lower BMI.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017964/
In response to your second question, based on the data provided, they most likely store fat from food, much like animals during hibernation, and then during the period of incubating the eggs, they burn through that fat for energy. While I can't comment on the ethics behind the experiment, it is common for researchers to use animal subjects over human subjects within tests.
DeleteQuestion 4: well, it's a little complicated. Companies were warned and had 3 years (until June 18,2018) to stop using trans fats. But, if they were manufactured before then, it's more lenient (till up to 2021 for some). Also, if there's less than .5 grams of trans fats it's still labeled as 0. Trans fats are still used for a lot of frying oils and we also still have things like shortening. The main reason these are so popular is because of how cheap they are.
DeleteBasically, not all trans fats have been banned/ are gone. Foods can be processed in many different ways that can help preserve them. One way for things like chips is "nitrogen flushing" which replaces oxygen with nitrogen: https://www.verywellfit.com/nitrogen-flushing-protects-and-preserves-foods-2505948#:~:text=Nitrogen%20flushing%20is%20a%20method,so%20they%20stay%20fresher%20longer.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/trans-fat-foods#TOC_TITLE_HDR_4
1) Is a compound made of 2(+) elements bonded together? Or is it made of 2(+) molecules? Or both?
ReplyDelete2)What causes the carbons in different fats to bond the way they do?(trans bonds vs cis bonds)
3)We watched a video and discussed the process America and found companies have gone through involving trans fats. What laws or restrictions exist in other countries involving trans fats? Are there some countries that are strict about what food is available to the public when they have things such as trans fats?
To answer your second question, it is most likely dependent on which hydrogen atoms are lost to create the double bond, as if both on one side are lost, it becomes cis, and if one on each side is lost, it becomes trans.
Delete1. How do molecules lose water through condensation?
ReplyDelete2. What differentiates disaccharides from polysaccharides?
3. What causes fatty acids to generate cholesterol within our bodies?
Question 3: I actually can't find an answer to this and I don't know why. I have found some clarity on LDLs and HDLs though. Not sure if this will help you but I figured I would still share the information. So, fats and cholesterol are both lipids which separate from water. They can't travel through the bloodstream like that so they are surrounded in a little protein bubble (lipoprotein). LDL is considered bad because that cholesterol is transported to tissues where as HDL goes to your liver where it can be broken down.
DeleteI also found out we consume only 20% of our body's cholesterol.
I don't think fatty acids generate cholesterol but rather impact the amount of certain types of cholesterol we have
https://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/features/cholesterol-facts
https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/how-its-made-cholesterol-production-in-your-body
Question 2- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides put together, and a polysaccharide is a polymer of many saccharides which link together. I'm not sure how else to better explain it, so here's a link to a website:) https://diffsense.com/diff/disaccharide/polysaccharide
DeleteQuestion one, throughout condensation, when the water molecules are in a form of gas, they don't bond as well as they would as a liquid. Because of this, and the change in heat, the molecules lose some water. https://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/atmospheric_moisture/condensation_process.html
Delete1. What dietary plans have been proven to lower BMI and what is the science behind how the foods we eat effect our BMI?
ReplyDelete2. what would happen to the body if a person did not ingest enough monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats?
3. How do small structural differences in molecular biology change the function of molecules? (for example Alpha glucose and beta glucose).
1. watch the type of fats you eat not the amount, eat whole grains rather than refined, it is important to balance calories (how much you burn/ consume within a day), the studies are varied but one connects high milk intake to increased bmi, sugary drinks increase bmi( both soda and juice). A Mediterranean diet seems to be one of the better dietary plans. many many things go into different diets and lowering bmi. Not all of the science is as reliable and it varies for each aspect you're looking at and what your goal is.
Deletehttps://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/diet-and-weight/
Question 1- Well a lot of diets can be quite unhealthy and unsustainable, but people still tend to do them. A more extreme diet is the Keto diet, it is also one of the most popular. This diet is where you cut out sugar completely and eat very few carbohydrates. I suppose you could say it's proven to lower BMI because once your body enters ketosis the % of fat in your body shoots way down. (Therefore, a person loses weight). Certain foods we consume store as fat in our body, and an excess could lead to weight gain. The more you weigh, the higher your BMI.
DeleteQuestion 2- If we don't consume enough monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats (AKA the good ones) then our bodies may not have good access to a reliable fat source. All human bodies need a certain % of fat to maintain viability. If we don't eat enough, our body resorts to breaking down our own fat stores. Once our bodies fat storage runs out, it begins to break down muscle mass. If our bodies lose too much fat and muscle, our organs would begin to fail. In women, if there isn't enough body fat she could potentially run the risk of losing her menstrual cycle which could be very damaging to her reproductive health. Fat is very important to the health of our bodies! (The good fats).
Delete1) What is the difference between LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol?
ReplyDelete2) How could we create a more effective way to measure a persons health other than the BMI scale? What could we do instead? (since it doesn't take into consideration muscle mass for example)
3) Are there examples where trans fats can be used for good?
To answer your first question, HDL is considered good cholesterol due to it being carried to your liver to be removed from your blood stream, while LDL is considered bad cholesterol due to it taking itself directly to your arteries
Deletehttps://www.keckmedicine.org/what-is-the-difference-between-good-and-bad-cholesterol/#:~:text=As%20a%20general%20rule%2C%20HDL,cholesterol%20directly%20to%20your%20arteries.
To answer your third question, there are no known benefits to trans fats, and it raises your bad cholesterol while lowering your good cholesterol
Deletehttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/trans-fat/art-20046114
In response to your second question, BMI is not always accurate and should not be the only thing you look at to determine your overall healthiness. One method you can use that has been proven to be one of the "best predictor[s] of both whole-body fat percentage' is finding your waist-to-height ratio. There are benefits to BMI, but also some drawbacks, as it doesn't take into account muscle mass (muscle mass weighs about 18% more than a mass of fat the same size). All this to say that BMI doesn't automatically determine your healthiness and such, as it isn't the most accurate form of measurement out there. I linked some sources to different methods as well, hope this helped!
DeleteSources :)
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265215
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170606090942.htm
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-bmi-an-accurate-way-to-measure-body-fat/
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ReplyDelete1. What other ways can you tell the healthiness of your weight than BMI?
ReplyDelete2. Should you consume more carbs or more lipids for energy?
3.What would happen if you used up all of the energy found within the lipids in your body?
In response to your first question, while BMI is a useful tool, it is not always accurate and should not be the only thing you look at to determine your overall healthiness. You can have a high BMI and be completely healthy, and you can also have a "normal" one as well but be unhealthy/needing medical help. One method you can use that has been proven to be one of the "best predictor[s] of both whole-body fat percentage' is finding your waist-to-height ratio. There are benefits to BMI, but also some drawbacks, as it doesn't take into account muscle mass (muscle mass weighs about 18% more than a mass of fat the same size). All this to say that BMI doesn't automatically determine your healthiness and such, as it isn't the most accurate form of measurement out there.
DeleteSources :)
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265215
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170606090942.htm
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-bmi-an-accurate-way-to-measure-body-fat/
In response to your second question, both lipids and carbs are good sources of energy, they are just released into your body a little differently. Lipids have more energy than carbs (around twice as much per gram), it's just released into your body a little slower. Carbohydrates are digested faster than lipids and release their energy more rapidly. So, all things considered, carbs are good for when you need fast energy that will help you out sooner rather than later. This is most likely the better option for more short term things, and will not be likely to last as long as lipids. Lipids are most likely better for long term things that will require extra energy, like a marathon. It does have the con of needing a little longer to be released into your body and used as energy, but the pro is that it has almost 2 times the amount of energy as carbs, so it would last longer as well. Of course, there's nothing saying that you can't eat foods with both in order to gain maximum energy for long and short term, but these are the pros and cons to each one.
DeleteSource :)
http://www.old-ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-3-chemicals-of-life/32-carbohydrates-lipids-and.html#:~:text=Lipid%20molecules%20contain%20more%20energy,from%20storage%20sites%20than%20lipids
In response to your third question, when the body's lipids do not have enough energy, it causes metabolism disorders. Two of those disorders are calls gauchers, and tay-sachs disease. Without energy in the lipids, it causes bad productivity defects and the lipids cannot do their designated job. Here is the resource I used, https://medlineplus.gov/lipidmetabolismdisorders.html
Delete1. When was BMI outdated as not the only source to test one's healthiness ?
ReplyDelete2. Saturates fats come from animals, while unsaturated fats come from oils, is there something in animals that make the fats saturated?
3. Is it healthy to have a balance of saturated and unsaturated fats, or should saturated fats be avoided as much as possible?
1) Why does muscle mass weigh more than fat mass?
ReplyDelete2) Is there anything remotely good you can get from saturated fats? Or is it all just completely and horribly bad?
3) Are there any negative effects you can get from leaving wheat/flour and bread products out of your diet, and what type of fats would those products go under? (saturated/trans/monosaturated/polysaturated)
To your first question, muscle mass takes up four-fifths as much space than fat does. Muscle product is also denser than that of fat. I found this answer at, https://www.banisternutrition.com/fat-vs-muscle/
ReplyDelete