1. Is the difference between a phospholipid's amphipathic properties and a lipid's hydrophobic properties the phosphate head? If not, what is it? 2. Does the strength of the hydrogen bonds increase if the quantity goes up? 3. I'm not quite understanding what causes hydrogen bonds, can someone explain?
To answer your first question, it is because of the phosphate head seeing as how the fatty acid tail is also hydrophobic while the phosphate head is hyrdrophilic. This then leads to the phospholipid being amphipathic.
For your third question: hydrogen bonds occur because the net positive charge of the hydrogen atoms attract net negative atoms, which will then bond to share electrons. An example of this is in water (H2O) where the side of the water molecules with two hydrogens will bond to the oxygen atoms, similar to how the north and south ends of a magnet would attract. More info: https://sciencing.com/what-causes-hydrogen-bonding-13710458.html
In response to your second question, the strength of the hydrogen bonds do not depend on the quantity of water molecules. Instead it is based on the electronegativity of the hydrogen bond acceptor, the higher the electronegativity the stronger the bond.
1. How can hydrogen bonds in sweat cool down animals? 2. What are the limits of hydrogen bonding in biological chemistry? What can it be used for and what can it not be used for? 3. Are there any theoretical replacements for water as the solvent of life?
For your third question, the second best solvent is methanol because it, like water, is a polar molecule, however it is not as simple as water, and isn't as commonly used due to the fact that is an industrial chemical, and would not be safe to use for anything one plans to consume in large amounts, although it does naturally occur in some fruits and vegetables. Although it would not be able to replace water, it comes the closest from what I can find. Info: https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/methanol/#:~:text=Solvent,%2C%20streptomycin%2C%20vitamins%20and%20hormones.
To answer your first question, hydrogen bonds store energy. The water that has the most energy is evaporated. The evaporated water is the sweat that will then cool down the body. I hope that this makes sense, if not, I can explain it further. Here are the sources I used: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/structure-of-water-and-hydrogen-bonding/a/specific-heat-heat-of-vaporization-and-freezing-of-water?modal=1
To answer your second question, I was looking for limitations to hydrogen bonds but it seemed like a tough thing to research but I found out that this gas called nitrosyl fluoride or ONF as they called it cannot form hydrogen bonds. Water and ONF have a similar shape and "dipole moment" as they called it. ONF has a higher molecular weight than water does, however, it still cannot make hydrogen bonds. Maybe this interested you? https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/hbond.html
What specifically makes hydrogen bonds less strong than covalent bonds? What property of lipids makes then as hydrophobic as they are? This may sounds silly, but if adhesion causes water to move up the xylem, what causes water that's already up there to not move down?
To answer your second question, lipids are hydrophobic because of the amount of non-polar covalent bonds within the lipid chains. This causes the lipids to be attracted to charged compounds and since water is barely charged both directions, it doesn't mix well with water. Sources: https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Biology/2/Lipids/207#:~:text=The%20hydrophobic%20nature%20of%20lipids,store%20and%20transfer%20chemical%20energy.
For your first question, I found that covalent bonds can be formed with most elements on the periodic table while hydrogen bonds can only be formed between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom. The site that I looked at also said that hydrogen bonds are only about 1/10th as strong as covalent bonds. I looked at a second link and it said that covalent bonds are so strong because lots of energy is required to break them.
First link: https://sciencing.com/covalent-vs-hydrogen-bonds-5982030.html Second link: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxxn82p/revision/1#:~:text=An%20atom%20that%20shares%20one,is%20needed%20to%20break%20them.&text=Both%20nuclei%20are%20strongly%20attracted,lot%20of%20energy%20to%20break.
To answer your first question, it is because the forces that are used to keep together hydrogen bonds are what are known as dipole-dipole bonds which only work because of the charged sides of the atom. This means that the force is naturally not as strong as atoms sharing electrons. Citation Mr. Lennon 2019 Van Der Waals Forces.
1. How do organisms who do not sweat release heat from their bodies? 2. What are the benefits of water having a high boiling point? 3. How do molecules dissolved in blood plasma reform after they have reached where they need to be?
To answer your second question, by having a high boiling point it allows cells to be able to survive in more harsh environments as the high heat capacity before it boils means it can maintain homeostasis better. Citation https://mysciencesquad.weebly.com/ib-hl-22u2-a1--a2-thermal-properties.html
To answer your first question, animals that don't sweat have to use their environments in order to cool down. Some examples are pigs that use mud to cool themselves down and rabbits that will move to shade to keep themselves cool.
To answer your second question, I found that reason why water's boiling point is so high because water requires more energy to break its hydrogen bonds before it can boil. Therefore water benefits from having to use so much energy and have a high boiling point because it does not cause drastic change in ecosystems or the environment. Link: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Unusual_Properties_of_Water
1. When a plant sucks water through the xylem, can it go wrong? If so, what happens? 2. If water needs heat to evaporate, what is the temperature for evaporation? 3. What is cytoplasm really made of?
For your third questions, cytoplasm is made of water, salts, and various molecules such s proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules necessary for sustaining life. info: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cytoplasm#:~:text=Cytoplasm%20is%20the%20gelatinous%20liquid,separate%20them%20from%20the%20cytoplasm.
I found for your third question that the cytoplasm is a thick gel like solution that fills cells and is enclosed by the membrane. This is made up of mainly salts, water, and different types of proteins. All organelles are located inside of the cytoplasm and are highly organized in structure! Hope this helped. Here is the link: https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/cytoplasm-280/
1.Are their any diseases or conditions that can clog the sweat glands and as a result the person cannot sweat? 2.How much sweat does an average person sweat a day? 3. How fast do solvents travel through the bloodstream or in the blood plasma? 4. How long does it normally take for water to reach its boiling point?
In response to your first question, a disease I found that can prevent a person from sweating is Anhidrosis (AKA hypohidrosis). This disease has many causes such as certain diseases or medicine and skin trama.
To answer your third question: It was difficult to find very specific answers, but with quite a bit of research, I was able to make some sort of connections. 1) Oxygen, because it is only soluble in low amounts, must be transported by the hemoglobin in red blood cells. I found that it takes (on average) about 1 minute for a red blood cell to circulate the entire body. Blood itself travels at about 3 feet per second. 2) Insoluble substances, such as fats and lipids, often need to have other molecules helping them travel through the bloodstream. Smaller molecules can enter on their own, but larger non-polar molecules need assistance. Lipoproteins are one way this can happen. I know these aren't direct answers, but I hope this at least gives a better understanding of how substances can travel through the bloodstream! It is a complex process that relies on many different components :)
In response to your 2nd question, the average person sweats about 1 quart per day, as there are almost 3 million sweat glands in the body! However, there are many factors that can make this number higher or lower. Environmental temperature, nutrition, and intense emotion can all trigger the body's natural cooling reaction. https://www.healthline.com/health/sweating#How-to-Manage-Hyperhidrosis
To help answer your second question, the average amount of sweat a person exudes a day is around 10 liters (but it is relative to the metabolic rate) - this also is equivalent of 3 to 4 liters per hour.
1- What is the difference, specifically, between a hydrogen bond and any other types of bonds between molecules? 2- How are the structures of water and methane different, and why is this important in reference to what they do. 3- What is the importance of polar and non-polar molecules?
To answer your first question, a hydrogen bond is a weak electrostatic attraction. Covalent and ionic bonds involve the chemical bonds of electrons. Hydrogen bonds are not true bonds like these because they are attracted based on the charge of the particles, rather than the sharing or exchange of electrons. Here is the link to a website that dives deeper into the comparison of hydrogen and covalent bonds: https://www.easybiologyclass.com/difference-between-covalent-bond-and-hydrogen-bond-comparison-table/#:~:text=Covalent%20bonds%20are%20strong%20bonds,number%20provide%20them%20considerable%20strength.
To answer your third question, polar and nonpolar molecules are important because polar molecules can mix with itself and other polar molecules. Water being the most important of all polar molecules. Because water is polar it can easily bond with itself. Nonpolar molecules on the other hand are also very important. Nonpolar molecules will have no charge as their give or sharing of electrons results in an even amount of electrons making the molecule nonpolar/neutral. Not sure if that answered your question but I got my information from https://study.com/academy/lesson/nonpolar-molecule-definition-examples.html https://www.expii.com/t/polar-vs-nonpolar-bonds-overview-examples-10350#:~:text=As%20shown%20in%20the%20image,up%20with%20nonpolar%20covalent%20bonds.
To answer your second question, the main difference between water and methane is that water is polar and methane is nonpolar. Water has a wider range of thermal properties rather than methane which freezes at -295.6 degrees fahrenheit. It is significant to reference what they do as they are two very different molecules. https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+methanes+freezing+point&rlz=1CAQIMT_enUS811US811&oq=what+is+methanes+free&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0.5444j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on
To answer your 3rd question, the importance of the polarity of molecules determines the distribution of electrons and the electron density. The polarity helps to ensure equal distribution between atoms and to exam if the electronegative atom is effecting density. By knowing the polarity, it can predict the efficiency in solvents with any given chemical.
1) What are some more examples of water adhesion? 2) We learned that water is a good solvent because it can form hydrogen bonds with a variety of different substances. Can someone clarify how forming hydrogen bonds affects a solvent's ability to dissolve substances? 3) What is meant by the polarity of a covalent bond? What does it mean when a bond is polar or non-polar, rather than stating that the molecule is?
To answer you 2nd question, hydrogen bonds affect solubility because when there is a hydrogen bond, it means that the molecules are polar, which means that the molecules will be more soluble in water because polar molecules are easily soluble in water.
I hope this helps! I wasn't able to find a whole lot about this, but here is my source: https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-hydrogen-bonds-affect-solubility#:~:text=The%20presence%20of%20hydrogen%20bonding,polar%20solvent%20such%20as%20water.&text=This%20means%20that%20carbon%20dioxide,water%20than%20polar%20molecules%20are.
1.What would happen to a human being if they did not produce sweat? Have there been medical cases of this? 2. What is the purpose of knowing if a structure is hydrophobic or hydrophilic? 3. How do smaller multicellular organisms cool themselves down? Are coolant properties only found in multicellular organisms?
To answer your 1st question, when a human being is unable to produce sweat it is called anhidrosis. When someone has this, it tends to lead to overheating and sometimes heatstroke, which can be fatal. Yes, there have been medical cases of this, but it can be extremely hard to diagnose unless it is a severe case.
More information can be found here: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anhidrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369400#:~:text=When%20you%20don't%20sweat,Mild%20anhidrosis%20often%20goes%20unrecognized.
To answer your 2nd question, the purpose of knowing if a structure is hydrophobic or hydrophilic is to be able to understand why certain things are shaped and how they interact with different things, like how when fats are transported in the blood, they have to be carried in lipoprotein complexes in order to be transported because fats are hydrophobic and don't like contact with water. This is important to know because if scientists are doing an experiment that has something to do with transporting fats in the blood, they need to know how fats transport and that they an't come in contact with water.
I hope this helps to explain the purpose and why it is important!
1. How does panting help cool off animals that cannot sweat? 2. What are the other ways animals who cannot sweat cool off, besides panting? 3. I'm still a bit confused on what it means for water to have a high latent heat of vaporization?
Question 1- "Panting moves hot, moisture-filled air in and out, increasing moisture evaporation in the mucous membranes of the nasal passages, mouth, and lungs. This cools the body from the inside out" This is a quote from this website: https://www.rover.com/blog/why-do-dogs-pant-in/
Question 2- Storks poop on their own legs to keep cool, which is gross but interesting. Pigs roll around in mud to keep cool. The ears on jackrabbits help them cool down. Some types of birds vibrate their throats to cool down. Some animals like snails go through a process called "estivation" which is when an animal sleeps and slows their metabolism to survive super hot or super cold temperatures. Lizards lay on cool or hot rocks to regulate their body temperature. All this cool stuff I found on this website!: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/panting-pooping-8-weird-ways-animals-keep-cool-180952226/?page=8
3- I don't think I could explain this too well, so I found a good website for you that could maybe help. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/2%3A_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.2%3A_Water/2.2C%3A_Water’s_Heat_of_Vaporization
1. Why does it matter if a molecule is polar or non-polar? 2. How would humans be affected if we could not sweat? would it be just a slight inconvenience or catastrophic? 3. What are more benefits to hydrogen bonding?
Finally to answer your last question more benefits to hydrogen bonds are they are not only responsible for waters solvent properties but they also play a role in DNA. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for holding complementary strands of DNA together as well as determining the shape of folded proteins. Here is an article that goes into more detail. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/lab-rat/httpblogsscientificamericancomlab-rat20110802hydrogen-bonds-why-life-needs-water/
To answer your first question, it matters if a molecule is polar or non-polar because that will determine how it interacts with other molecules. For example polarity of molecules matters when looking at the solubility of a substance or the permiability of a membrane. If all molecules were non-polar, nothing would happen in life because change is growth and there would be no reason for change so theoretically it would not occur. Here is an article for additional information. https://users.stlcc.edu/gkrishnan/polar.html
Also to answer your second question if humans could not sweat then high tempuratures, or slightly warm tempuratures would result in our death. I would classify the lack of the ability to sweat as catastrophic. Not being able to sweat would mean that you would be constantly suseptable to overheating and heat stroke. It would not be catastrophic per se but it would be potentially fatal. Here is additional information for a more in-depth analysis. https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/what-would-happen-if-you-suddenly-couldnt-sweat-anymore
What would happen if there was a different kind of bond in water molecules, other than hydrogen? What are some examples of substances that are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic? Why can't some animals sweat/what prevents them from sweating?
To answer your first question, water molecules are formed by polar covalent bonds and the bonds that connect water molecules to other water molecules are hydrogen bonds. And due to the atoms that comprise h2o no other bonds are feasible. https://socratic.org/questions/what-two-bonds-keep-a-water-molecule-together
In response to your third question, many reptiles lack sweat glands and rely on their environment to maintain body temperature. This could be due to their unique skin of scales and bones.
1. Is there a known average amount of sweat produced to completely cool down the human body? 2. At what temperature specifically does water instantly evaporate? 3. If some animals can't sweat, how do they cool themselves?
In response to your third question, many animals that lack sweat glands, like reptiles, maintain their body temperature via their environment, such as staying in the sun or in the shade to warm or cool.
1. Why is water unable to dissolve solute that lacks a charge? 2. Why is methane's melting and boiling point so much lower than water? 3. Considering it's low melting point, would methane make a better coolant than water?
1. Is the difference between a phospholipid's amphipathic properties and a lipid's hydrophobic properties the phosphate head? If not, what is it?
ReplyDelete2. Does the strength of the hydrogen bonds increase if the quantity goes up?
3. I'm not quite understanding what causes hydrogen bonds, can someone explain?
To answer your first question, it is because of the phosphate head seeing as how the fatty acid tail is also hydrophobic while the phosphate head is hyrdrophilic. This then leads to the phospholipid being amphipathic.
DeleteFor your third question: hydrogen bonds occur because the net positive charge of the hydrogen atoms attract net negative atoms, which will then bond to share electrons. An example of this is in water (H2O) where the side of the water molecules with two hydrogens will bond to the oxygen atoms, similar to how the north and south ends of a magnet would attract. More info: https://sciencing.com/what-causes-hydrogen-bonding-13710458.html
DeleteIn response to your second question, the strength of the hydrogen bonds do not depend on the quantity of water molecules. Instead it is based on the electronegativity of the hydrogen bond acceptor, the higher the electronegativity the stronger the bond.
Deletehttps://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/hydrogen-bonding/#:~:text=Hydrogen%20bonds%20are%20strong%20intermolecular,increase%20in%20hydrogen%2Dbond%20strength.
1. How can hydrogen bonds in sweat cool down animals?
ReplyDelete2. What are the limits of hydrogen bonding in biological chemistry? What can it be used for and what can it not be used for?
3. Are there any theoretical replacements for water as the solvent of life?
For your third question, the second best solvent is methanol because it, like water, is a polar molecule, however it is not as simple as water, and isn't as commonly used due to the fact that is an industrial chemical, and would not be safe to use for anything one plans to consume in large amounts, although it does naturally occur in some fruits and vegetables. Although it would not be able to replace water, it comes the closest from what I can find. Info: https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/methanol/#:~:text=Solvent,%2C%20streptomycin%2C%20vitamins%20and%20hormones.
DeleteTo answer your first question, hydrogen bonds store energy. The water that has the most energy is evaporated. The evaporated water is the sweat that will then cool down the body. I hope that this makes sense, if not, I can explain it further. Here are the sources I used:
Deletehttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/structure-of-water-and-hydrogen-bonding/a/specific-heat-heat-of-vaporization-and-freezing-of-water?modal=1
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BE/BioE/BE.ChemReact.2.01.html
To answer your second question, I was looking for limitations to hydrogen bonds but it seemed like a tough thing to research but I found out that this gas called nitrosyl fluoride or ONF as they called it cannot form hydrogen bonds. Water and ONF have a similar shape and "dipole moment" as they called it. ONF has a higher molecular weight than water does, however, it still cannot make hydrogen bonds. Maybe this interested you?
Deletehttps://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/hbond.html
What specifically makes hydrogen bonds less strong than covalent bonds?
ReplyDeleteWhat property of lipids makes then as hydrophobic as they are?
This may sounds silly, but if adhesion causes water to move up the xylem, what causes water that's already up there to not move down?
To answer your second question, lipids are hydrophobic because of the amount of non-polar covalent bonds within the lipid chains. This causes the lipids to be attracted to charged compounds and since water is barely charged both directions, it doesn't mix well with water.
DeleteSources: https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Biology/2/Lipids/207#:~:text=The%20hydrophobic%20nature%20of%20lipids,store%20and%20transfer%20chemical%20energy.
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/2%3A_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.2%3A_Water/2.2A%3A_Water%E2%80%99s_Polarity#:~:text=The%20two%20hydrogen%20atoms%20and,to%20water's%20properties%20of%20attraction.
For your first question, I found that covalent bonds can be formed with most elements on the periodic table while hydrogen bonds can only be formed between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom. The site that I looked at also said that hydrogen bonds are only about 1/10th as strong as covalent bonds. I looked at a second link and it said that covalent bonds are so strong because lots of energy is required to break them.
DeleteFirst link: https://sciencing.com/covalent-vs-hydrogen-bonds-5982030.html
Second link: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxxn82p/revision/1#:~:text=An%20atom%20that%20shares%20one,is%20needed%20to%20break%20them.&text=Both%20nuclei%20are%20strongly%20attracted,lot%20of%20energy%20to%20break.
To answer your first question, it is because the forces that are used to keep together hydrogen bonds are what are known as dipole-dipole bonds which only work because of the charged sides of the atom. This means that the force is naturally not as strong as atoms sharing electrons.
ReplyDeleteCitation
Mr. Lennon 2019 Van Der Waals Forces.
1. How do organisms who do not sweat release heat from their bodies?
ReplyDelete2. What are the benefits of water having a high boiling point?
3. How do molecules dissolved in blood plasma reform after they have reached where they need to be?
To answer your second question, by having a high boiling point it allows cells to be able to survive in more harsh environments as the high heat capacity before it boils means it can maintain homeostasis better.
DeleteCitation
https://mysciencesquad.weebly.com/ib-hl-22u2-a1--a2-thermal-properties.html
To answer your first question, animals that don't sweat have to use their environments in order to cool down. Some examples are pigs that use mud to cool themselves down and rabbits that will move to shade to keep themselves cool.
Deletehttps://www.sacrewell.org.uk/news/animals-keep-cool-hot/#:~:text=Some%20animals%2C%20like%20horses%2C%20also,heat%20energy%20and%20cool%20down.
To answer your second question, I found that reason why water's boiling point is so high because water requires more energy to break its hydrogen bonds before it can boil. Therefore water benefits from having to use so much energy and have a high boiling point because it does not cause drastic change in ecosystems or the environment.
DeleteLink: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Unusual_Properties_of_Water
1. When a plant sucks water through the xylem, can it go wrong? If so, what happens?
ReplyDelete2. If water needs heat to evaporate, what is the temperature for evaporation?
3. What is cytoplasm really made of?
In response to your second question, the temperature for water to evaporate is the boiling point of 100 degrees C or 212 degrees F.
Deletehttps://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/evaporation-and-water-cycle?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
For your third questions, cytoplasm is made of water, salts, and various molecules such s proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules necessary for sustaining life. info: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cytoplasm#:~:text=Cytoplasm%20is%20the%20gelatinous%20liquid,separate%20them%20from%20the%20cytoplasm.
DeleteI found for your third question that the cytoplasm is a thick gel like solution that fills cells and is enclosed by the membrane. This is made up of mainly salts, water, and different types of proteins. All organelles are located inside of the cytoplasm and are highly organized in structure! Hope this helped.
DeleteHere is the link:
https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/cytoplasm-280/
1.Are their any diseases or conditions that can clog the sweat glands and as a result the person cannot sweat?
ReplyDelete2.How much sweat does an average person sweat a day?
3. How fast do solvents travel through the bloodstream or in the blood plasma?
4. How long does it normally take for water to reach its boiling point?
In response to your first question, a disease I found that can prevent a person from sweating is Anhidrosis (AKA hypohidrosis). This disease has many causes such as certain diseases or medicine and skin trama.
Deletehttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anhidrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369400#:~:text=Anhidrosis%20is%20the%20inability%20to,can%20be%20difficult%20to%20diagnose.
To answer your third question: It was difficult to find very specific answers, but with quite a bit of research, I was able to make some sort of connections. 1) Oxygen, because it is only soluble in low amounts, must be transported by the hemoglobin in red blood cells. I found that it takes (on average) about 1 minute for a red blood cell to circulate the entire body. Blood itself travels at about 3 feet per second. 2) Insoluble substances, such as fats and lipids, often need to have other molecules helping them travel through the bloodstream. Smaller molecules can enter on their own, but larger non-polar molecules need assistance. Lipoproteins are one way this can happen. I know these aren't direct answers, but I hope this at least gives a better understanding of how substances can travel through the bloodstream! It is a complex process that relies on many different components :)
DeleteIn response to your 2nd question, the average person sweats about 1 quart per day, as there are almost 3 million sweat glands in the body! However, there are many factors that can make this number higher or lower. Environmental temperature, nutrition, and intense emotion can all trigger the body's natural cooling reaction. https://www.healthline.com/health/sweating#How-to-Manage-Hyperhidrosis
DeleteTo help answer your second question, the average amount of sweat a person exudes a day is around 10 liters (but it is relative to the metabolic rate) - this also is equivalent of 3 to 4 liters per hour.
Deletehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236237/#:~:text=Sweat%20rate%20is%20proportional%20to,as%2010%20liters%20per%20day.
to answer your first question, I found an article that talks about anhidrosis (lack of sweat) and the symptoms, causes and treatments for it.
Deletehttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15891-anhidrosis-lack-of-sweat
Here is a website that lists the symptoms and effects of Hypohidrosis to supplement Darby's answer:
Deletehttps://www.healthline.com/health/sweating-absent
1- What is the difference, specifically, between a hydrogen bond and any other types of bonds between molecules?
ReplyDelete2- How are the structures of water and methane different, and why is this important in reference to what they do.
3- What is the importance of polar and non-polar molecules?
To answer your first question, a hydrogen bond is a weak electrostatic attraction. Covalent and ionic bonds involve the chemical bonds of electrons. Hydrogen bonds are not true bonds like these because they are attracted based on the charge of the particles, rather than the sharing or exchange of electrons.
DeleteHere is the link to a website that dives deeper into the comparison of hydrogen and covalent bonds: https://www.easybiologyclass.com/difference-between-covalent-bond-and-hydrogen-bond-comparison-table/#:~:text=Covalent%20bonds%20are%20strong%20bonds,number%20provide%20them%20considerable%20strength.
To answer your third question, polar and nonpolar molecules are important because polar molecules can mix with itself and other polar molecules. Water being the most important of all polar molecules. Because water is polar it can easily bond with itself. Nonpolar molecules on the other hand are also very important. Nonpolar molecules will have no charge as their give or sharing of electrons results in an even amount of electrons making the molecule nonpolar/neutral.
DeleteNot sure if that answered your question but I got my information from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/nonpolar-molecule-definition-examples.html
https://www.expii.com/t/polar-vs-nonpolar-bonds-overview-examples-10350#:~:text=As%20shown%20in%20the%20image,up%20with%20nonpolar%20covalent%20bonds.
To answer your second question, the main difference between water and methane is that water is polar and methane is nonpolar. Water has a wider range of thermal properties rather than methane which freezes at -295.6 degrees fahrenheit. It is significant to reference what they do as they are two very different molecules.
Deletehttps://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+methanes+freezing+point&rlz=1CAQIMT_enUS811US811&oq=what+is+methanes+free&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0.5444j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on
To answer your 3rd question, the importance of the polarity of molecules determines the distribution of electrons and the electron density. The polarity helps to ensure equal distribution between atoms and to exam if the electronegative atom is effecting density. By knowing the polarity, it can predict the efficiency in solvents with any given chemical.
Deletehttps://brilliant.org/wiki/polarity-of-a-molecule/#:~:text=polarity%20of%20molecules.-,Significance,polar%20compounds%20such%20as%20water.
1) What are some more examples of water adhesion?
ReplyDelete2) We learned that water is a good solvent because it can form hydrogen bonds with a variety of different substances. Can someone clarify how forming hydrogen bonds affects a solvent's ability to dissolve substances?
3) What is meant by the polarity of a covalent bond? What does it mean when a bond is polar or non-polar, rather than stating that the molecule is?
To help answer your first question, an example of water adhesion is water droplets stuck on the edge of a pine plant or plants in general.
Deletehttps://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/adhesion-and-cohesion-water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
To answer you 2nd question, hydrogen bonds affect solubility because when there is a hydrogen bond, it means that the molecules are polar, which means that the molecules will be more soluble in water because polar molecules are easily soluble in water.
DeleteI hope this helps! I wasn't able to find a whole lot about this, but here is my source: https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-hydrogen-bonds-affect-solubility#:~:text=The%20presence%20of%20hydrogen%20bonding,polar%20solvent%20such%20as%20water.&text=This%20means%20that%20carbon%20dioxide,water%20than%20polar%20molecules%20are.
1.What would happen to a human being if they did not produce sweat? Have there been medical cases of this?
ReplyDelete2. What is the purpose of knowing if a structure is hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
3. How do smaller multicellular organisms cool themselves down? Are coolant properties only found in multicellular organisms?
To answer your 1st question, when a human being is unable to produce sweat it is called anhidrosis. When someone has this, it tends to lead to overheating and sometimes heatstroke, which can be fatal. Yes, there have been medical cases of this, but it can be extremely hard to diagnose unless it is a severe case.
DeleteMore information can be found here: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anhidrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369400#:~:text=When%20you%20don't%20sweat,Mild%20anhidrosis%20often%20goes%20unrecognized.
To answer your 2nd question, the purpose of knowing if a structure is hydrophobic or hydrophilic is to be able to understand why certain things are shaped and how they interact with different things, like how when fats are transported in the blood, they have to be carried in lipoprotein complexes in order to be transported because fats are hydrophobic and don't like contact with water.
DeleteThis is important to know because if scientists are doing an experiment that has something to do with transporting fats in the blood, they need to know how fats transport and that they an't come in contact with water.
I hope this helps to explain the purpose and why it is important!
Here is a website to further supplement Riley's answer:
Deletehttps://www.healthline.com/health/sweating-absent
To answer your third question, small organisms are able to heat themselves via metabolism, and due to their small size, they lose heat rather quickly.
Delete1. How does panting help cool off animals that cannot sweat?
ReplyDelete2. What are the other ways animals who cannot sweat cool off, besides panting?
3. I'm still a bit confused on what it means for water to have a high latent heat of vaporization?
Question 1- "Panting moves hot, moisture-filled air in and out, increasing moisture evaporation in the mucous membranes of the nasal passages, mouth, and lungs. This cools the body from the inside out" This is a quote from this website: https://www.rover.com/blog/why-do-dogs-pant-in/
DeleteQuestion 2- Storks poop on their own legs to keep cool, which is gross but interesting. Pigs roll around in mud to keep cool. The ears on jackrabbits help them cool down. Some types of birds vibrate their throats to cool down. Some animals like snails go through a process called "estivation" which is when an animal sleeps and slows their metabolism to survive super hot or super cold temperatures. Lizards lay on cool or hot rocks to regulate their body temperature. All this cool stuff I found on this website!: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/panting-pooping-8-weird-ways-animals-keep-cool-180952226/?page=8
Delete3- I don't think I could explain this too well, so I found a good website for you that could maybe help. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/2%3A_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.2%3A_Water/2.2C%3A_Water’s_Heat_of_Vaporization
Deleteto answer your first question, I found an article that talks about why dogs pant to keep cool.
Deletehttps://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/animals-keep-cool/#:~:text=When%20dogs%20pant%2C%20they're,water%20evaporating%20from%20your%20skin.&text=That%20being%20said%2C%20dogs%20and,doesn't%20keep%20them%20cool.
1. Why does it matter if a molecule is polar or non-polar?
ReplyDelete2. How would humans be affected if we could not sweat? would it be just a slight inconvenience or catastrophic?
3. What are more benefits to hydrogen bonding?
Finally to answer your last question more benefits to hydrogen bonds are they are not only responsible for waters solvent properties but they also play a role in DNA. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for holding complementary strands of DNA together as well as determining the shape of folded proteins. Here is an article that goes into more detail. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/lab-rat/httpblogsscientificamericancomlab-rat20110802hydrogen-bonds-why-life-needs-water/
Deleteto answer your first question.. here is an article I found for the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules and why that is important.
Deletehttp://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/polar_nonpolar/polar_nonpolar.html
To answer your first question, it matters if a molecule is polar or non-polar because that will determine how it interacts with other molecules. For example polarity of molecules matters when looking at the solubility of a substance or the permiability of a membrane. If all molecules were non-polar, nothing would happen in life because change is growth and there would be no reason for change so theoretically it would not occur. Here is an article for additional information.
ReplyDeletehttps://users.stlcc.edu/gkrishnan/polar.html
Also to answer your second question if humans could not sweat then high tempuratures, or slightly warm tempuratures would result in our death. I would classify the lack of the ability to sweat as catastrophic. Not being able to sweat would mean that you would be constantly suseptable to overheating and heat stroke. It would not be catastrophic per se but it would be potentially fatal. Here is additional information for a more in-depth analysis.
ReplyDeletehttps://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/what-would-happen-if-you-suddenly-couldnt-sweat-anymore
What would happen if there was a different kind of bond in water molecules, other than hydrogen?
ReplyDeleteWhat are some examples of substances that are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic?
Why can't some animals sweat/what prevents them from sweating?
To answer your first question, water molecules are formed by polar covalent bonds and the bonds that connect water molecules to other water molecules are hydrogen bonds. And due to the atoms that comprise h2o no other bonds are feasible. https://socratic.org/questions/what-two-bonds-keep-a-water-molecule-together
DeleteIn response to your third question, many reptiles lack sweat glands and rely on their environment to maintain body temperature. This could be due to their unique skin of scales and bones.
Delete1. Is there a known average amount of sweat produced to completely cool down the human body?
ReplyDelete2. At what temperature specifically does water instantly evaporate?
3. If some animals can't sweat, how do they cool themselves?
In response to your third question, many animals that lack sweat glands, like reptiles, maintain their body temperature via their environment, such as staying in the sun or in the shade to warm or cool.
Delete1. Why is water unable to dissolve solute that lacks a charge?
ReplyDelete2. Why is methane's melting and boiling point so much lower than water?
3. Considering it's low melting point, would methane make a better coolant than water?